1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

4.Define the semantic motivation of the following words:

Fox-cunning,monkey-active,snake-deceitful,parrot-talkative,donkey-silly,mother-He is my mother(he looks after me like my mother)

5.Find an example of phraseological collocations?

to declare a war

15-VARIANT

1Synonyms and their types

Synonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech different in morphemic composition and phonemic shap but identical or similar in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts. Ex. jump, hop, leap, spring, defend, protect, guard shield; absence, privation, lack, want; error, mistake; go, leave, depart. Complete synonyms do not exist. Bloomfield says each linguistic form has a constant and specific meaning.

Polysemantic words can be synonymous in all their meanings. Ex. The verb “look” is a synonym of see, watch, observe, in the meaning of “смотреть” but in another of its meaning it is synonymous with the verbs seem, appear (to look pale).

Each synonymic group contains one word the meaning of which has no additional connotational (it can be used in different styles). This word is called a synonymic dominant. Ex. In the group: change, alter, very, modify the word “change” is the synonymic dominant.

Synonyms may be divided into: 1) ideographic synonyms; 2) stylistic synonyms.

Synonyms which differ in their denotational meanings are called ideographic synonyms. If the difference lies in their stylistic difference the synonyms are said to be stylistic. Ex. Beautiful (usually about girls) and handsome (usually about men). These are ideographic synonyms but “to die- to pass away”, “to begin - to commence”, “to see - to behold”, “to end - to complete”, “horse - steed” are stylistic synonyms.

2.Ways of word formation

The English and Karakalpak languages differ in the types of wordformation. Their ways of wordformation are also different. Affixation, composition, shortening are very productive ways of wordformation in both languages. In Karakalpak conversion, blending, soundinterchange (stressinterchange), backformation are less common type of wordformation. As for as the English language concerned these types of wordformation are very common. We can find a few words which formed by these types of wordformation in the Karakalpak language.

3.The morphemic structure of words

Most of the words have a composite nature and they are made up morphemes is the smallest indivisable, two-faced language unit. Morphemes might be divided into phonemes. But if we divide morphemes into phonemes, phonemes unlikemorphemes have no meaning. (ex.t/ea/ch/er-teacher). Phonemes are used to make up morphemes. So the difference between morphemes is that morphemes have meaning but phonemes have not. A morpheme differs from a word too. Unlike a word a morpheme does not occur separately in speech. It occurs in speech as a constituent part of a word