1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
1) word, their semantic classes and word-forming means as well as their structural models and stylistic peculiarities of use.
2) lexico-semantic groups (LSGs) of words which are pertained to the contrasted languages.
3) stable idiomatic expressions which are also of universal nature, though they always have some national peculiarities in every single language.


21. Means of nomination.
Common for both languages - inner & outer (borrowed).
INNER: include morphemes, word, word-groups and sentences. Words in all languages constitute the main means of nomination. In both languages they constitute about 75% of all nominations.
Structurally they may be: 1) simple words (book, new, alone/книжка, навий..) 2) compound words (railway, homework/добродій, літописець…).
Very productive in present-day Eng. is the wholophrasal compounding: merry-go-round, rare stylistic exotisms in Ukr.:Грицько «чи то я, чи не я».
Common &equally productive in the contrasted languages is the nomination by means of word-groups & sentences: take part брати участь, The rain. The welcome rain.(Longfellow) Вечір. Ніч. (Тичина).
The onomasiological & semasiological status & structure of words may be changed be affixal morphemes: miss – dismiss, man – mankind, Київ – киянин – київський.
Internationalisms – complete identity of onomasiological & semasiological structures: student, drama, tabula rasa, finite la comedia.
Other BORROWINGS, which do not have the status of internationalisms, mostly maintain their semasiological & onomasiological structure in the source languages & the borrowing languages. This can be seen from the Turkic or German borrowing in Ukr. (cf. баштан, лазарет, фельдшер, дах)


22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
Onomasiology (O)– the way to represent the concepts of our mental activity, deals with the means of nomination, which can be inner & outer. = form of words
Semasiology (S)– semantic scope of meaning of words

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  O=S Internationalisms – complete identity of onomasiological & semasiological structures: student, drama, tabula rasa, finite la comedia, драма, опера, парламент..
  
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  O & S + affixes = change their structure and status: miss – dismiss, man – mankind, Київ – киянин – київський.
  
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  S (in Eng)≠ O (their expressions in Ukr.) закохатися to fall in love, to laugh very loudly реготати.