1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

1. N>V e.g. a chairman > to chairman, a butcher > to butcher, a boss > to boss, an X-ray > to X-ray
2. V>N e.g. to catch > the catch, to look > a look, to ride > a ride, to know how > (the) know-how.
Verbs in English can often be formed as a result of converting other parts of speech as well. Cf. e.g. down (adv.) > to down (verb), encore (interj.) > to encore (verb), pooh-pooh (interj.) > to pooh-pooh ( verb), etc.
Note. Ukrainian verbs can also be often formed from other parts of speech - interjections, pronouns, and particles by adding the suffixes – e.g. ка-ти - Cf. бах (intey.) - бахкати (verb), гей - гейкати, не - некати, но – нокати, ти/ви – тикати (не тикайте на мене)/викати, цить – цитькати, ух – ухкати, штокати (contemptuously), etc.
3.Adj>N e.g. Intellectual(a) > an intellectual(n), progressive(a) > a progressive(n), Ukrainian(a)> a Ukrainian(n), young(a) > a/the young(n)
4. N>Adj e.g. maiden(n) > maiden (a), sidelong(n) >sidelong(a).


31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
Accentual word-formation is an isomorphic feature in the morphological systems of both languages.
In Eng.: words generally change both their lexico-grammatical (morphological) nature and meaning: 'accent (n) — ac'cent (v),
In Ukr.: - the change of accent usually does not effect the lexico-grammatical nature of the word but only its semantics: 'замок(n) - за'мок(n);

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  there are some exceptions: 'бігом(n) – бі'гом(adv);
  
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  sometimes there is no differentiation of the lex-gr nature of homonymous sense units through accent: до 'низу (adv) – до 'низу (prep noun).
  

The shortening of words involves the shortening of both words and word-groups. Lexical abbreviation is the process of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination by a simultaneous operation of shortening and compounding.
Abbreviation. Common and equally productive in both contrasted languages are the following types: 1) initial abbreviation: - alphabetisms (USA, США), - acronyms (UNESCO, ЮНЕСКО), 2) partial abbreviation of words: 1. in English is rare:- apocope (words shortened at the end - doc-doctor), - aphaeresis (words shortened at the beginning - phone-telephone), - syncope (words in which some syllables are omitted in the middle - ma'm - madam), - combination of these types - frig-refrigerator. 2. in Ukrainian is rather productive: головбух, завгосп, батсад, сільбуд. 3) Combined abbreviation (partial+initial) is less productive and less wide-spread in English than in Ukrainian: CONUS (Continental US), INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), міськвно (міський відділ народної освіти).
Compounding. 2 ways: 1) juxtaposition (placement) of the determining and the determined parts without linking elements; - less productive in Ukr.: вагон-ресторан; - more prod. in Eng.: aircraft, blackberry;
2) wholophrasing – joining of roots/stems with the help of the linking element (less productive in Eng.and restricted to nouns and adj-s): - prepositions/conj.: Eng. Mother-in-law, out-of-date, Ukr. пліч-о-пліч; - interfixal o, e, s, i in Eng. (Anglo-Saxon, statesman) and о, е / є, у, a in Ukr. (сновидець, кількасот); without link.el.: Eng. forget-me-not, Ukr. -; - interfixal и, й: Eng. -, Ukr. мати-й-мачуха.