1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

Parenthetic elements

In both languages have identical structural forms (words/word-groups/sentences) and are used to perform such 2 main functions as:

• 
  the modal function – express the hypothetical or reported indirect modality (using modal words/phrases/sentences – certainly, maybe, no doubt, it seems etc. – мабуть, безсумнівно, як здається тощо)
  
• 
  the subjective and evaluative function
  

They may refer to the sentence as a whole or to a secondary part of it; may occupy the initial, the mid, the closing position.
They are used to express the general assessment of the action or fact on the part of the speaker (in fact, truth to tell, really etc. певна річ, правду казати, як відомо тощо); subjective and evaluative modality (in my opinion, I should say etc. кажуть, на мою думку, смію гадати тощо)

• 
  inserted elements – give additional information about a part of a sentence/its general content. Isomorphic by their linguistic nature and structural forms; are marked by commas, dashes, brackets; are used only in the mid and closing position.
  

Ex. Mr. Darsy, once again interrupted, turned his eyes on him. А це вміння (розмовляти і слухати) дуже важливе для письменника.


65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.

2 types of the simple sentence in Uk and Eng:

- one-member (more numerous in Uk)
- two-member (in Eng. are represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Uk.)


One-member sentences. Common types:

• 
  nominal sentences – isomorphic in the structural form (extended/expanded), allomorphic in the grammatical means of connection of the same component parts (in Eng. – by analytical means, in Uk. – synthetic or analytico-synthetic means) Models:
  

- N model ex: The same. A wood. Ліс. Сенсація.
- NN/NNN model ex: Mr. Ralph. Lady Sneerwell’s bedroom. Містер Ральф. Спальня леді Снірвел.
- АN model (may often convey injunctive, requestive and other pragmatic meanings) ex: Silence! The welcome rain! Тиша! Давно очікуваний дощ!
- N/AN co-cjN/AN model ex: Freedom and power! Свобода і влада!
- with prepositional connection of componental parts – allomorphism: there are no Uk equivalent grammaticalized prepositions of, to, by, with; no inflexions in Eng. nouns.
Ex: N/IprepN/Q half past eleven. Confidence for confidence. Пів на дванадцяту. Довіря за довіря.

•