1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

36. Typology of pats of speech.
C. Fries (functional approach): class 1 (function of the subj.), class 2 (predicate), class 3. (adjectivals or attributives), class 4 (adverbial f-n), 15 different groups of "function words." C. Fries introduced the term "parts of speech".
A typologically more relevant classification C. T. Hockett who distinguishes in English "parts of speech" and "classes of words". Notionals include three pure "classes of words"("class N words", "class V words" and "class A words, which have morphological properties and show more than one pattern of usage ("Blue-N (the blue of the sky), Adj (the blue sky), or V (to blue smth).
In Ukr. the lexical meaning and formal (morphological) characteristics of notionals are always explicitly displayed even taken out separately of context.
The functional parts of speech in Eng. and Ukr. have explicit lexico-grammatical nature at language level (isomorphic f-re). Most of these functionals, except for the articles, have absolute semantic and functional equivalents in Ukr. e.g.: and - i, but - але, проте, or чи, if-якщо/якби, either-or, чи-чи, in - в/у, on - на, under - під, ah/oh-ax/ox, not-ні/не.
The status of the modal words (perhaps, sure, certainly), or particles and even articles is still disputable (they are not always recognised in English as a separate functional part of speech).
Notionals: n, adj, pron, num, verb, adv, stative.
Functionals: conjunctions, prepositions, modal words and modal expressions, particles, exclamations, articles (in Ukr. is missing).


37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
The noun is characterised in Eng and Ukr by a common lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity or thingness. Typologically isomorphic are the main paradigmatic classes of nouns: 1) common nouns: - Concrete (tree, house), -Abstract (fear, knowledge), -Collective (family, government), -Names of materials (iron, snow), -Class nouns (bird, desk); 2) proper names: -Names/Nicknames of people(s), nationals (Michael, the Dutch), -Family names (the Adams), -Geographical names(the Themes), -Names of companies, newspapers, journals(the Times).
Isomorphism is observed in such groups of nouns as 1) animate (boy, хлопець), inanimate (камінь, stone); 2) countable (ball, м’яч), and uncountable (air, honesty).
Allomorphism:
- augmentative suf in Ukr. (рука-ище), - diminutive (вухо, вушко);
- cat. of number: *Ukr. number forming inflexions are determined by the declension group (син – сини, снігур - снігурі), *dual number in Ukr. (два слова), *many nouns do not coincide in number in Engl. and Ukr. (Pl. barracks, goods, customs - Sg. казарма, товар, митниця; Sg. cream, yist, money - Pl. вершки, дріжджі, гроші); *some Engl. nouns have no clear number distinction (deer, sheep, Ukr. – only borrowed кенгуру, таксі);
- cat. of case (Eng. 2- Nom, Gen; Ukr. 7)
- cat.of gender (Ukr. 3, Engl. – natural distinction + as in pronouns)
- definiteness/indef. (in Eng.: shown by morphological means: article, pronoun; analytical: attributive clauses, appositions; in Ukr. pronouns(def/indef- якийсь, цей), -numerals(def/indef один), shifting of the indefinite noun into the final position of the sentence – Двері відчинилися і до класу ввійшов вчитель)
-declensions (Ukr. - 4).