1. The Subject matter of Text linguistics

4. Text as a linguistic sign
I.R. Galperin in the definition of the text, first of all, highlights grammatical-cohesive connections and the concept of integrity. He writes: "A text is a work of a speech-creative process that has completeness, objectified in the form of a written document, literary processed in accordance with the type of this document, a work consisting of a title (title) and a number of special units (superphrasal units) united by different types of lexical, grammatical, logical, stylistic connection, having a certain purposefulness and pragmatic setting'' [22: p.18].
In the approaches of V.A. Lukin's text is "a message that exists in the form of such a sequence of signs that has a formal coherence, meaningful integrity and a formal semantic structure arising on the basis of their interaction" [48. C.5].
According to G.V. Kolshansky, the text is "a connection of at least two statements, in which the minimum act of communication can be completed - the transfer of information or the exchange of thoughts between partners" [43. P. 10-14].

A text is a speech work written in form, belonging to one participant in communication, complete and correctly designed, '' - this is the point of view of N.D. Zarubina [35. P.11], which sees in the textual parameters, first of all, the author and a way of realizing the author's intention.

L. M. Loseva, exploring the applied side of text parameters, highlights the following features of the text: "1) the text is a message (what is reported) in writing; 2) the text is characterized by content and structural completeness; 3) the author's attitude is expressed in the text to the reported (author's attitude)'' [45, p.4].

Based on the definitions of textual features, the text can be characterized as a message in writing, which is distinguished by semantic and structural completeness and a certain attitude of the author to the message.

Text, according to T.M. Dridze, is "a complex sign and an integral unit of communication''. It is a certain system of "semantic elements, functionally combined into a single closed hierarchical communicative-cognitive structure by a common concept or plan (communicative intention) of the subjects of communication'' [29. P.71].

Thus, the text is a phenomenon of a speech nature: it is created to achieve the goals of communication and is always associated with an act of communication.

However, many researchers (I.R. Galperin, O.I. Moskalskaya, E.I. Shendels and others) believe that the text is a "simulated language unit'', functioning" in society as the main language unit'', possessing semantic communicative completeness in communication [41. S.35].
In addition, the text acts not only as a specific unit associated with a real act of communication, but also as an abstract unit of the language of the highest level, "which is the subject of the theory of the language ability of a native speaker" [41. p.76].
Note that the provision on the linguistic nature of the text is most fully considered in communicative linguistics, which allows researchers to characterize the text as the main unit of not only speech, but also language, which unites units of all lower levels with a "common concept, goals and conditions of communication" [15. P.30-31] It is in the text that all language means become communicatively significant, communicatively conditioned, united into a certain system.
It should be noted that the units of the language, being expanded into a sentence and groups of sentences, form the components of the text, its structural elements.

The main element of the text is a sentence (statement, phrase, texteme). A sentence in a text is recognized and perceived "in relation to its links with other sentences, as part of the whole, as a component," a "cell" of the text "[71. S.16-21]. It is the smallest communicative unit of text.

At the same time, in the structure of the text, individual sentences can be combined into groups that are given different names by different researchers: phrasal units and phrasal ensembles (V.A. Buchbinder), superphrasal units (I.R. Galperin, O.I. Moskalskaya, T .M. Nikolaeva), complex syntactic integers (A.P. Peshkovsky, N.S. Pospelov, L.M. Loseva, S.G. Ilyenko), union of textemes (E.I. Shendels), prose stanza (G. Ya. Solganik), linear syntactic chains (N.D. Zarubina). The most common designation for a group of sentences related in meaning is STS and SFU. These are complex structural units, consisting of "more than one independent sentence'', possessing "semantic integrity in the context of coherent speech" and acting "as part of a complete communication" [22. p.69].
It should be noted that not all sentences in the structure of the text are combined into groups; there are also so-called free sentences that are not included in the group, but, nevertheless, are associated with it by internal semantic relations. These are proposals that contain various author's digressions, comments. Such proposals are a link between the two STSs, a means of designating a new micro-theme [41].
In addition, in the text, some researchers highlight the so-called strong sentences, the understanding of which is possible without referring to the content of other sentences. Such proposals are not included in the STS [35. S.16-25].
In turn, groups of sentences are combined into larger blocks, which are called in different studies either communicative blocks, or textual, or predicative-relative complexes, or fragments. Even larger associations are associated with such segments of the text as a paragraph, paragraph, part, chapter [65; 66. S.48-82].
Thus, sentences and groups of sentences are the main communicative elements of the text that form a chain of communicative units: text - SFU (STS, union of textemes, groups of sentences, communicative blocks, paragraphs, text ensembles) - sentences (phrases, statements, textemes). It is they, first of all, that make it possible to convey a certain content contained in the text, to express one or another meaning with the help of sentences - statements and SFU. All other system units of the language perform a text-forming function. As a rule, they act as means of interphrase communication.