1. the diaphragm the lungs

1. the diaphragm

2. the lungs

3. the wind pipe

4. the larynx (Fig 1.1)

5. the vocal cords (Fig 1.2)

6. the pharynx (Fig 1.3)

7. the lips (Fig 1.8)

8. the teeth (Fig 1.7)

9. the alveolar ridge(Fig.2.9)

10. the hard palate (Fig.2.10)

11. the soft palate (Fig.2.11)

12. the uvula (Fig.2.12)

13. the blade of the tongue with the tip (Fig.3.13; 3.14)

14. the front of the tongue (Fig.3.15)

15. the back of the tongue (Fig.3.16)

16. the glottis (Fig 1.2)

17. the mouth cavity

18. the nasal cavity (Fig 1.6)

19. the lower jaw

The organs of speech are as following:

Active organs of speech are movable and taking an active part in a sound formation:

• Vocal cords which produce voice
• The tongue which is the most flexible movable organ
• The lips affective very considerably the shape of the mouth cavity
• The soft palate with the uvula directing the stream of air either to the mouth or to the nasal cavity
• The back wall of the faring contracted for some sounds
• The lower jaw which movement controls the gap between the teeth and also the disposition of the lips
• The lungs air for sounds

Passive organs of speech:

• the teeth
• the teeth ridge or alveolar ridge
• the hard palate
• the walls of the resonators

The mouth is also the site of the organs of taste and of the teeth, tongue, and lips. It is not only the entrance to the body for food and sometimes air, but also a major organ of speech and emotional expression. ... At the root of the tongue, below the uvula, lies the epiglottis.

The mouth

The most important organ of speech is the tongue. Pho­neticians divide the tongue into four sections, the part which lies opposite the soft palate is called the back of the tongue; the part facing the hard palate is called the front; the one lying under the teeth ridge is known as the blade and its extremity the t i p .

Tongue

The lips can take up various positions as well. They can be brought firmly together or kept apart neutral, rounded, or pro­truded forward.

LIPS

TEETH

The Lungs The airflow is by far the most vital requirement for producing speech sound, since all speech sounds are made with some movement of air. The lungs provide the energy source for the air flow. The lungs are the spongy respiratory organs situated inside the rib cage. They expand and contract as we breathe in and out air. The amount of air accumulated inside our lungs controls the pressure of the airflow

Lungs

The larynx is colloquially known as the voice box. It is a box-like small structure situated in the front of the throat where there is a protuberance. For this reason the larynx is popularly called the Adam’s apple. This casing is formed of cartilages and muscles. It protects as well as houses the trachea(also known as windpipe, oesophagus, esophagus) and the vocal folds(formerly they were called vocal cords). The vocal folds are like a pair of lips placed horizontally from front to back. They are joined in the front but can be separated at the back. The opening between them is called glottis. The glottis is considered to be in open state when the folds are apart, and when the folds are pressed together the glottis is considered to be in close state.

The Larynx & the Vocal Folds

We have seen in this chapter what the speech organs are and specific function they are assigned for speech. From the lungs to the lips, almost all the organs are used in the production of speech with a surprising extent of variation. We began with the processes of speech. We focused on the air-stream process, which initiates speech. We found that given two directions of air-stream in the mouth, outward and inward, and threeinitiators, the lungs, the larynx and the velum, human languages have only four, not six, types of sounds- pulmonic egressive , ejectives, implosives and clicks.

Summary

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