1-Mavzu Roman -german tillarining dunyo

Internal language changes and processes having no relation to the impact of certain tendency (system-based changes).

1. 
   Influence of the form of one word to the form of another word (Analogy).
   
2. 
   Contamination.
   
3. 
   Junction of different words of different origin on the principle of the unity of meanings.
   
4. 
   The raising of the new means of expressing certain meanings, as a result of association. E.g. Jeans - джинсы, bucks - баксы (buck – male rabbit, doe – female rabbit), rails – рельсы.
   
5. 
   Appearance and disappearance of phonological oppositions: [лə]> [л:] –
   

more.

6. 
   Spontaneous changes of phonemes.
   
7. 
   Change of the meaning of the words.
   
8. 
   Notional words become suffixes in OE ere – meant – a man → now suffix -
   

teacher.

9. 
   Cases of interrelation of processes.
   

There are two main factors of language change:
Continuity (преемственность, изчиллик) IE → Germ. → En.
Causality (причинность, сабабийлик) French Influence on English, 1066, Norman Conquest.







LANGUAGE POLICY



Constructive Destructive

Geographical types of languages

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