1-mavzu: Mamlakatlar o'rtasida sayohatlarning ko'payishi odamlarga turli madaniyatlarni o'rganishga imkon beradimi yoki turli mamlakatlardagi odamlar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatni kuchaytiradimi

1-mavzu: Mamlakatlar o'rtasida sayohatlarning ko'payishi odamlarga turli madaniyatlarni o'rganishga imkon beradimi yoki turli mamlakatlardagi odamlar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatni kuchaytiradimi?
Globallashuv - bu bir nechta mamlakatlarni qamrab oladigan har qanday faoliyatni, masalan, bir mamlakatdan ikkinchisiga sayohat qilishni nazarda tutadigan umumiy atama. So'nggi yillarda transmilliy sayohatlarning keskin o'sishi ushbu tendentsiyaning ayrim mamlakatlarga, xususan globallashuvga a'zo bo'lgan yangi davlatlarga potentsial ta'siri to'g'risida bahs-munozaralarni keltirib chiqardi. Ba'zi odamlar yangi kelganlarning ko'payishi, mehmonlarga nisbatan mahalliy dushmanlikni kuchaytiradi, aksincha
o'zaro madaniy muhitda o'zaro tushunishni targ'ib qilish. Ushbu tushunchani rad etish kerak, chunki mamlakatlar o'rtasida ushbu rivojlanish foydasiga ko'plab faktlarni ko'rish mumkin. Xalqaro sayohatlar hech qachon ziddiyatga olib kelmasligining birinchi sababi, mehmonlarning ham, mahalliy aholining ham iqtisodiy g'ayratida ekanligidadir. Xalqaro sayohatlar butun dunyoda biznesni rivojlantirish uchun imkoniyatlarni ochib beradi. Tadbirkorlarni nafaqat ichki bozor, balki xorijdagi bozor ham qiziqtiradi. Chet elliklar mahalliy xalqni yutishdan oldin mamlakat madaniyatini o'rganishlari kerak. O'z navbatida, mahalliy aholi tashrif buyuruvchilarga o'zlarining ishonchi evaziga o'zlarining mehmondo'stligini ko'rsatishlari kerak. Ular bir-birining madaniy kelib chiqishini qabul qilish hamkorlikning zaruriy sharti degan fikrda. Madaniyatni tushunishning boshqa natijalari ham bor. Ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi, madaniy qadriyatlari va diniy e'tiqodidagi farqlar chet elliklar va mahalliy aholining ayrim masalalardagi kelishmovchiligini o'chirib yuborishi mumkin; ammo, qanchalik baland bo'lsa
o'zaro ta'sir, aloqa va tushunishning yuqori darajasi. Masalan, arablar g'arbliklarni o'zlarining dushmanlari deb hisoblashgan. Endi ular g'arbiy ittifoqchilari bilan ko'plab sohalarda aniq aloqalarga ega. Dastlabki bosqichda ularning kelishmovchiligi o'ziga xos bo'lib tuyuldi, ammo vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zaro yaxshi tushunish bilan ular bir xil pozitsiyani egallaydilar
ko'plab masalalar bo'yicha. Shubhasiz, ba'zi kurortlarda chet ellik mehmonlar mahalliy jamoatchilikni o'zlarining kam e'tiborlari bilan qaytarib olishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas
ular birinchi kelganida mahalliy muhit va anjumanlar. Ammo shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, aksariyat huquqbuzarliklar qasddan emas, balki tasodifiydir. Buning o'rniga, mehmonlar qoidalar va konventsiyalarga ular haqida hech qanday ma'lumotga ega emasliklari sababli itoat etishmaydi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan ushbu holat yaxshilanishi kutilmoqda, chunki turli mamlakatlardan kelgan mehmonlar mahalliy madaniyat to'g'risida bilimlarini oshirmoqdalar.
Yuqoridagi tahlillarga ko'ra, biz xalqaro sayohatlarning ko'payishini ikki mamlakat o'rtasida yuzaga keladigan har qanday mojaroning sababi sifatida qabul qilmaslik kerakligini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi o'zaro tushunishni yaxshilashdagi rolini tan olish kerak.
2-mavzu: Xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalari (shu jumladan filmlar, moda namoyishlari, reklama va boshqa teledasturlar) dunyo auditoriyasiga bir xil xabarlarni etkazganida, odamlar xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalarining kengayishi madaniy xilma-xillikka salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda, deb ta'kidlaydilar. Sizning fikringiz qanday?
Xalqaro media kompaniyalar dunyo bo'ylab kengayib borishi bilan, ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalarining mashhurligi va bir xilligi oshib bormoqda dasturlar (masalan, televizion ko'rsatuvlar, filmlar, moda namoyishlari) dunyo miqyosida tashvish uyg'otmoqda. Ko'p odamlar kuchli ushbu tendentsiyaga bo'lgan qarashlar. Mening fikrimcha, xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalari madaniy globallashuv va madaniy bir xillik bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir. Xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalarining ustunligi G'arb madaniy imperializmining belgisidir va madaniy xilma-xillikni to'xtatish imkoniyatiga ega. Xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalariga Time Warner singari bir nechta ulkan korporatsiyalar egalik qilishi va ularni boshqarishi sir emas. Ular media bozorining yirik tarmoqlarini nazorat qiladi va milliy ommaviy axborot vositalarini joylashtiradi xavf ostida bo'lgan kompaniyalar. Media egalari sonining qisqarishi translyatsiya qilinadigan dasturlarning mutanosib ravishda kamayishiga olib keladi. Masalan, ommaviy axborot vositalarida mavjud bo'lgan rasm, musiqa va filmlar oz sonli janrlarga ega bo'lib, turli madaniy muhitga oid badiiy asarlarni bilishga chek qo'yadi.
Dunyo ko'ngil ochish kompaniyalari ushbu ijodiy sohalar ustidan nazoratni qo'lga olishdan tashqari, turli mamlakatlarda oddiy fuqarolarning tasavvurlari, e'tiqodlari va me'yorlarini qayta shakllantirish orqali madaniy xilma-xillikka ta'sir qiladi. Etakchi ommaviy axborot vositalarida ilgari surilgan madaniy qadriyatlar va ideallarning aksariyati Amerika kelib chiqishi. Amerika madaniyati jamoat hayoti va oilaviy birdamlikni emas, balki ko'plab Osiyo mamlakatlarida qadrlanib kelgan qadriyatlar va me'yorlarni emas, balki individuallikni, o'z manfaatlari va moddiy boyliklarini maksimal darajada oshirishni qadrlaydi. Afsuski, hozirgi kunda ko'plab osiyoliklar amerikaliklarga taqlid qilib, ularning oila haqidagi tasavvurlarini o'zgartirmoqda. Ushbu tub o'zgarishlarga amerikalik shaxslar yoki korporatsiyalar muvaffaqiyatini aks ettiruvchi filmlar va teledasturlar sabab bo'lishi mumkin.
Ommaviy axborot vositalarining xilma-xilligini yo'qotishi, shuningdek, odamlarning turmush tarzi torligidan kelib chiqadi. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarning hukmron tabaqasi ingliz tilini biladi, G'arb taomlarini yoqtiradi, G'arb uslubidagi ko'ylagi kiyadi va hatto G'arb to'ylarini afzal ko'radi. Yoshlarni Amerika basketboli asrab qoladi, ba'zilari esa maktabdagi sport kiyimlarida NBA yulduzlarining ismlarini mubolag'a qilmoqda. Hayotdagi bu o'zgarishlarning barchasi tomoshabinlarning Gollivud filmlariga bo'lgan ta'sirining natijasidir,
Televizion ko'rsatuvlar va sport hisobotlari. Axborot vositalarining xilma-xilligini yo'qotish madaniyatning tanazzulga uchrashiga va madaniy xilma-xillikning minimallashishiga olib keladi. Bu tashvishli tendentsiya, chunki odamlar o'zlarining qimmatbaho meroslarini saqlab qolish va kelajak avlodlarga etkazish uchun madaniy xilma-xillikka muhtoj, shu jumladan turmush tarzini. Yuqorida ko'rsatilgandek, bir nechta transmilliy media korporatsiyalar tomonidan boshqariladigan xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalari G'arb madaniyatini dunyoga eksport qilmoqda va ko'plab mahalliy madaniyatlarni yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostiga qo'ymoqda. Media dasturlarining bir xilligi badiiy asarlar, me'yorlar va turmush tarzi xalqaro ommaviy axborot vositalarining qaerga borishini keltirib chiqardi.

Topic 2: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV

programmes) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of
international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?

As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media

programmes (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong
views toward this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalisation and cultural
homogeneity.
The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart
cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned and operated by a handful of giant
corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media
companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction in the variety
of programmes broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number
of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds.
In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity
by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural
values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values
individuality, maximisation of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity,
the values and norms previously treasured in many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate
American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those
movies and TV programmes that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.
The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people's narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many
countries speaks English, favours Western food, wears Western-style jackets and even prefers Western weddings.
Young people are captivated by American basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA stars on their
school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies,
TV shows and sports reports. The loss of media diversity will lead to degradation of culture and to a minimisation of
cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuable
heritage to future generations, including lifestyle.
As shown above, international media, controlled by a handful of transnational media corporations, is exporting
Western culture worldwide and putting many indigenous cultures at the risk of extinction. The uniformity of media
programmes has led to that of artworks, norms and ways of life wherever international media goes.
1. dominance = domination = power
2. sign = symbol = mark = signal = indication
3. thwart = prevent = spoil = ruin
4. a handful of = a small number of
5. contraction = reduction
6. proportional = relative
7. perception = view = opinion
8. ideal = value = belief = principle
9. solidarity = unity = harmony = cohesion
10. be captivated by = be obsessed with = be passionate about = be addicted to = be keen on = be enthusiastic
about
11. pass on = give = impart = convey

1. hukmronlik = hukmronlik = kuch 7. idrok = ko'rinish = fikr

2. ishora = belgi = belgi = signal = ko'rsatma 8. ideal = qiymat = ishonch = printsip
3. xalaqit = oldini olish = buzmoq = vayron qilish 9. birdamlik = birlik = uyg'unlik = birdamlik
4. bir hovuch = oz sonli
5. qisqarish = kamayish
6. mutanosib = nisbiy
10. asir bo'lmoq = havas qilmoq = ehtirosli bo'lmoq = qaram bo'lib qolmoq = g'ayratli bo'lmoq = g'ayratli bo'lmoq haqida
11. uzatmoq = berish = bermoq = etkazmoq
Topic 4: Some people believe that culture will be ruined if it is used to earn tourism revenue, but others
consider that tourism is the only way of protecting a culture. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
There is little room for doubt that tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. However, its impact
on culture remains a source of constant debate. This essay will elaborate on both positive and negative effects of
tourism from a cultural perspective.
Providing economic incentives for cultural preservation is unarguably one of the main contributions of tourism. To
many tourists, culture and history are what they first consider when choosing a destination. Their mindset has been
recognised by many tourism sites and money has been subsequently directed toward cultural protection, including
the maintenance of key historical sites. Tourism is therefore one of the primary forces contributing to the
preservation of a culture.
In addition to raising financing, tourism can make an indigenous culture known to the world and rally support
worldwide to protect it. When a historic site or a site that shows a country's cultural heritage is made accessible to
the public, visitors from all over the world will soon flock there. They will share their experience in the local culture
with their friends and families once they return home, assisting this site to gain international fame. Both financial
and technological support will flood in for the conservation of natural and cultural resources.
On the negative side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of part of culture. Food, festivals, costumes and
other stimulating elements of a culture tire highlighted to entertain tourists, constituting an insult to the locals and
causing damage to the unique nature of a culture. Moreover, cultural commercialisation has made the sacred
elements of a culture commonplace and tourists are encouraged to attach little importance to a unique tradition,
which cannot be found elsewhere.