1. Flipped Instruction Description

96. Constructive Alignment
Definition
Constructive alignment involves explicitly linking the lesson assessment tasks to the compulsory learning outcomes in the curriculum.
This is an impressive thing to see in a lesson plan.
Use language (including verbs and nouns) from the learning outcome in the assessment task. Furthermore, make sure to provide a criteria for what constitutes pass or fail.
Benefits

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  Teachers can easily justify their lesson choices to their boss or assessor.
  
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  The assessment tasks are always relevant and focused.
  
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  Students can see the relevance of the assessment task to their learning goals.
  

Challenges

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  If the language of the curriculum objectives are complex or obtuse, it may just confuse students to use that language in their assessment task.
  

Theoretical Link
Biggs: Constructive alignment was invented by John Biggs who designed this method to ensure all lessons are relevant and move students a step closer to completing all learning outcomes.


97. Zone Of Proximal Development
Definition
The ‘zone of proximal development‘ is a phrase used to explain the ideal difficulty level for a lesson.
A lesson that is too easy won’t help a student progress.
A lesson that is too hard will disengage a student who just won’t be able to do the task.
But a lesson that is difficult but achievable with effort will push a student forward. These lessons that are just hard enough but not too hard are lessons in the “zone of proximal development”.
Benefits

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  Students get lessons catered to their own needs.
  
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  There is always catered support for any student in the class.
  
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  By creating lessons that are always challenging, you are setting high expectations for all students.
  

Challenges

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  Differentiation like this can lead to bug Differences in ability levels across the whole class.
  
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  You’re often under pressure to teach content that is too hard for students to meet standardized curriculum requirements