Ў збекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили 1-факультети

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. 
   What does CAT stand for?
   
2. 
   What is the difference between MT and CAT?
   
3. 
   What are the main types of CAT systems?
   
4. 
   What is TransAhead system?
   

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:

1. Shvaytser A.D. Translation and linguistics. M. 1973.

2. Levitskaya T.R, Fiterman A.M. The problem of Translation on the material of the contemporary English language. M. 1974
3.Salomov G. Tarjima nazariyasiga kirish. T. 1978.
4.Salomov G. Tarjima nazariyasi asoslari. T. 1983.

LECTURE 11

Translation of different texts of functional styles. Translation of scientific and technical texts. Translation of business documents and business correspondence. Translation of newspaper and publicistic texts. Peculiarities of the text structure.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. 
   Brief excursion to the Newspaper style.
   
2. 
   Some translation Peculiarities of a newspaper text.
   
3. 
   Translation of newspaper articles titles.
   
4. 
   Lexical peculiarities of technical and scientific texts.
   
5. 
   Grammar peculiarities of the technical and scientific texts.
   
6. 
   The ways of rendering technical and scientific texts.
   
7. 
   Types of business documents.
   
8. 
   Translation of agreements, contracts, regulations.
   
9. 
   Accuracy in translation of official-business documents.
   

Key words: comprehend, review, the bulk of the vocabulary, terms, cliché, verbal construction, colloquialisms and jargonisms, certain specific, scientific and technical terms, formal languages, distinct, accuracy, high contracting parties, top level talks or summit, ceremonial and solemn and archaic words.
One of the most important means of communication English and American newspapers are very difficult to comprehend as they have their specific style and they perform some difficulties in translating. To understand the language peculiarities of English Newspaper Style it will be sufficient to analyze and review the following basic newspaper features:

1. 
   brief news items,
   
2. 
   the headline,
   
3. 
   the editorial,
   
4. 
   advertisements and announcements.
   

Brief news items
The principal function of a brief news items is to inform the reader. News items are essentially matter-of-fact, and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. As ab in variant, the language id brief items is stylistically neutral, which seems to be in keeping with the allegedly neutral nature of newspaper reporting; in practice, however, departures from this principle of stylistic neutrality ( especially in so called “mass papers”) are quite common. It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper writing is neutral and common literary. But apart from this, a newspaper has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of :

1. 
   special political and economic terms, e.g. president, constitution, marketing, by-election, General Assembly;
   
2. 
   non-term political vocabulary, e.g. public, people, unity, peace, etc.
   
3. 
   clichés, i.e. stereotyped expressions, commonplace phrases familiar to the readers, e.g. vital issue, danger of war, pressing problems, clichés prompt the necessary associations and prevent ambiguity and misunderstanding;
   
4. 
   abbreviations, among them abbreviated names of organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other companies, various offices, etc, e.g. UNO, NATO, UNESCO, UFO… ;
   
5. 
   neologisms, as the newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, science and technology and neologisms spring up on newspaper pages, e.g. sing-in ( a musical act or event in which the audience serves as a chorus or joins in singing), ice up (the freesing over snow or water).
   

The following grammatical peculiarities of brief items are of paramount importance, and may be regarded as their grammatical parameters:

1. 
   Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses, e.g. “A Tory M.P. last night hit out at a commons report which suggested there may be serious social interest in Wales because of heavy unemployment.” ;
   
2. 
   verbal construction (Infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal noun constructions, e.g. Unions, representing engineering and technical workers…;
   
3. 
   syntactical complexes, especially nominative with the infinitive. They
   

are usually used to avoid mentioning the source of information, e.g. “A large chunk of ice, believed to have fallen from an aircraft, crashed through the roof, then trough the bedroom ceiling of a house in Lamington, Warwickshire, yesterday.”;

4. 
   attributive noun groups are another powerful means of effecting
   

brevity in news items, e.g.” the national income and expenditure figures”;

5. 
   specific word order. Usually word order is more or less fixed.
   

Journalistic practice has developed what is called the “five-w-and-pattern rule” (who- what- why- how-where-when). In terms of grammar it can be expressed in the following manner: Subject-Predicate (+Object)-Adverbial modifier of reason(manner)-Adverbial modifier of place-Adverbial modifier of time, e.g. “A neighbour’s peep through a letter box to finding of a woman dead from gas and two other semiconscious in a block of council flats in Eccluv New Road, Salford, Lancs, yesterday.”;

6. 
   wide use of different stylistic devices as metaphor, metonymy,
   

repetition, allusion, hyperbole, etc.
ADVERTISMENTS AND ANNONCEMENTS
The principle function of advertisements and announcements is to inform the reader. Here the absence of all articles and some punctuation marks makes the statement telegram-like. But the reader’s attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical , graphical and stylistic, both lexical and syntactical, and they may be characterized by emotional colouring.
THE HEADLINE
The headline is the title given to a news item or an article, it is a dependent form of newspaper writing. A skillfully turned headline tells a story, or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the reader’s curiosity. Syntactically headlines are very short sentences ore phrases of a variety of patterns; full declarative sentences as “They threw bombs on terrorists”; interrogative sentences as “Do you love war?”, nominative sentences as “Gloomy Sunday”; elliptical sentences as “Will win”, “Still in danger”, Phrases with verbals – infinitive, participials and gerundial as “Preparing reply on call for war”, complex sentences as “Senate Panels hears Board of military experts Who Favoured Losing Bidder”, Headlines including direct speech as “The QUEEN: “My deep distress”.
EDITORIAL
The function of the editorial is to influence the readers by giving ah interpretation of certain facts. Its purpose is to give the editor’s opinion and interpretation of the news published and suggested to the reader that it is the correct one. In addition to the vocabulary typical of brief news items, writers of editorials make an extensive use of emotionally coloured words. Along-side political words and expressions, terms, cloches and abbreviations one can find colloquial words and expressions, slang and professionalism. The language of editorial articles is characterized by a combination of different strata of vocabulary, which enhances the emotional effect.
2. SOME TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES
OF A NEWSPAPER TEXT
Newspaper texts are remarkable for a great variety. Brief item and informational articles are of the most concise, businesslike and aloof by their style. Accuracy in translating such kind of items and articles is often achieved by syntactical transpositions, structural substitutions and usage of lexical equivalents in the sentence. For example:
Taking part in the discussion with the President will be the new Secretary of State, The Defense Secretary and the special assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Washington Post, 2003).
В совещании с президентом будут принимать участите новый государственный секретарь, министр обороны и специальный помощник президента по вопросам национальной безопасности.
To translate this brief item it was necessary to reconstruct the sentence. Typical for the style of brief items inversion can’t be kept in translation because it is not desirable to transfer to the first place the notional part of the predicate and its cut off the auxiliary verb in the Russian language: such emphatic underlining can change a little the meaning of the sentence.
Lexical and grammatical transformation – substitutions in translating the following extract can’t be accepted as violation of accuracy of the sentence.
The New Zealand earthquake was followed by tremors lasting an hour. No loss of life was reported (The USA Today, 1999)
За землетрясением в Новой Зеландии последовали подземные толчки, которые продолжались час. Согласно сообщениям, жертв не было.
The passive construction in the English sentence was transferred by the active construction. The attribute New Zealand was translated by the adverbial modifier as in Russian combination “ новозеландское землетрясение “ is impossible. Passive construction in the second sentence was translated by phraseological unit – cliché, word combination “loss of life” was also translated with the help of cliché.
All these transformations were caused by the necessity to follow the norms of the Russian language and the norms of Newspaper style. The same can be met while translating headlines, which have very different character in Russian, e.g. No sign of “flexible” Mac. Никаких признаков гибкости у Макмиллана.
Such kind of use of abbreviation of the names and surnames of politicians and men of Arts are of no use in Russian newspapers at all and one must always remember this fact.
Different types of transformations don’t violent the accuracy of translating; they were caused by the different norms of newspaper style in Great Britain and the USA from one hand and in Russia and Uzbek from other hand.
Articles, essays and publicistic writing are characterized by one common feature that is emotional colouring, which is reached by different stylistic means and words with emotional meaning. It should be marked, that stylistic devices used in newspaper style are rarely original and that’s why they can be easily substituted.
Emotional colouring must be preserved in translating. But because of different norms of the Russian and English languages one has to use different substitutions. In the English language emotional colouring is very often formed with the help of attributes, and while translating attributes a translator comes across the problem of combinability, which is different in the English and Russian Languages. E.g.
There is every indication that Congress will give a resounding rebuff to the Chancellor (Washington Post, 1992).
Есть все основания полагать, что Конгресс даст резкий отпор министру финансов.
Word combination “ звучный отпор “ or “ громкий отпор “ is impossible to find in the Russian Language. That’s why the word “resounding” should be translated by such kind of attribute which combining with the word “ отпор “ has the same level of impressiveness. While translating into Uzbek we also can’t translate it as жарангли каршилик but кескин or катъий каршилик.
It should be noted, that some English newspapers are characterized by wide use of colloquialisms and jargonisms and slang, but it is not typical for Russian newspapers and in this situation we should use different transformations as well.
The main task of technical and scientific material is to get the information precisely clear to a reader. It can be reached by logically determined referring of the factual materials without emotionally coloured words, expressions and grammar constructions. All above mentioned belong to mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, medicine, electronics, defense industry, mine industry, chemical industry and so on.