What are most widely spoken The West Germanic languages?

1. 
   The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about .......................... people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
   
2. 
   The most widely spoken Germanic language, ............, is the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated ............................................. .
   
3. 
   

All Germanic languages are derived from .................................................

4. 
   What are most widely spoken The West Germanic languages?
   
5. 
   What language , once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre-World War II Europe, now with approximately 1.5 million native speakers?
   
6. 
   Which language with roughly 1.3 million speakers along the Dutch–Belgian–German border?
   
7. 
   Which languages spoken with over 0.5 million native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany.
   
8. 
   The largest North Germanic languages are .............., ..............., ............................, which are in part mutually intelligible and have a combined total of about 20 million native speakers in the Nordic countries and an additional five million second language speakers
   
9. 
   North Germanic languages are...................... ,....................., which are more conservative languages with no significant Low German influence, more complex grammar and limited mutual intelligibility with the others today
   
10. 
    Which languages are known as a East Germanic languages?
    
11. 
    How many different living Germanic languages are there?
    
12. 
    Which of the Germanic languages are considered as a dead languages?
    
13. 
    Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration Period, including
    
14. 
    Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, notably has a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the ........................... ...................... known as "Grimm's law."
    
15. 
    The last to die off was ..................... ......................., spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of ................... .
    
16. 
    What happened when the Germanic tribes moving south from Scandinavia in the 2nd century BC to settle in the area of today's northern Germany and southern Denmark.
    
17. 
    Longer runic inscriptions of North germanic languages survive from the 8th and 9th centuries.
    
18. 
    Choose the name of old north runic inscriptions
    
19. 
    What was the results of The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the Anglo-Saxons left traces in the English language and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of Old English grammar ?
    
20. 
    The North Germanic languages, on the other hand, remained unified until well past 1000 AD, and in fact the mainland Scandinavian languages still largely retain mutual intelligibility into modern times. The main split in these languages is between the mainland languages and the island languages to the west, especially .............................?
    
21. 
    Germanic languages possess a number of defining features compared with other Indo-European languages.
    
22. 
    Some of the best-known are the following:
    
23. 
    who proposed the periods of the history of English according to the character of vowels in unstressed positions?
    
24. 
    Germanic tribes formed in Britain seven kingdoms: Kent, the – Essex, Wessex and Sussex, and – East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia.
    

Among those kingdoms which of them known as Jutes kingdom

25. 
    Choose the dialect of Angles during old english period.
    
26. 
    Choose the best definition to Grimm's law.
    
27. 
    All the early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, Χ], which appeared under Grimm’s Law, also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless
    

Choose the title of this law

28. 
    English is classified as an Indo-European language. It is part of the Germanic subfamily and is grouped with its most closely related language,
    

what is the language that closely related among other west germanic languages?

29. 
    What was the people who lived in the territory of Britain before Roman and Anglo-Saxon invasions?
    
30. 
    Choose the Words of Celtic origin
    
31. 
    Choose the words of Ancient Latin origin
    
32. 
    Choose the words of Old Norse origin
    
33. 
    It was characterized by :
    -strong and weak verbs;
    -a dual number for pronouns (for example, a form for we two as well as for we);
    -two different declensions of adjectives;
    -four declensions of nouns;
    -grammatical distinctions of gender
    

Which period described above?
Choose the correct one

34. 
    In 1066, William II, the 6th duke of Normandy, led the Norman Conquest of England.
    
35. 
    Anglo-Norman culture soon dominated the social structure, language, literature, and architecture of England
    

Which period described above?
Choose the correct one

36. 
    The oldest Germanic languages all share a number of features, which are assumed to be inherited from Proto-Germanic.
    

Phonologically, it includes the important sound changes known as Grimm's Law and Verner's Law, ; late Proto-Indo-European had only one, /s/.
What are the main results of those two laws?

37. 
    The system of consonants in OE were divided into:
    
38. 
    Match the old English sounds
    
39. 
    the letter ʒ was pronounced in 3 ways.
    

as the voiced velar plosive variant [g]
choose the correct variant

40. 
    The qualitative changes are
    
41. 
    ......................................is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters
    

æ >ea before ‘r +consonant’, ‘l+consonant’, ‘h+consonant’ and before final h:

42. 
    Choose the correct definition to the Palatalization?
    
43. 
    Match the followings
    
44. 
    what is mutation?
    
45. 
    The vowel u is articulated by raising the back of the tongue together with rounding the lips. The sound i requires raising the front of the tongue.
    

what phonetic phenomena described above?

46. 
    The articulation of the back vowel is anticipated in the preceding front vowel, which accordingly develops into a diphthong.
    

what phonetic phenomena described above?

47. 
    It may be due to a palatal quality of the h or due to an i which was probably a case ending in the original type of declension to which the word belonged.
    

what phonetic phenomena described above?

48. 
    what phonetic phenomena Quantitative changes in OE vowels are represented by ?
    
49. 
    ............................................... is a process when two adjacent consonants within a word influence each other in such a way that the articulation of one sound becomes similar to or identical with the articulation of the other one.
    
50. 
    Syncopation is ............................................ .
    
51. 
    Metathesis is a phonetic change which ..................................................
    
52. 
    What is gemination?
    
53. 
    All Scandinavian languages untill medieval times called as single language. What was it?
    
54. 
    Choose the historical place of Scandinavia where old Norse runic inscriptions found?
    
55. 
    Choose the origin of East Germanic languages
    
56. 
    The Goths came from the north around 150AD. They soon divided into two parts:
    
57. 
    Map given above illustrates about east germanic languages.
    

According to the map the most powerful east germanic one is.... .............

58. 
    What was invented around middle the 4th century AD by Bishop Wulfila (311-383 AD), the religious leader of the Visigoths?.
    
59. 
    According to linguists, what is main difference between West Germanic and East /North germanic languages?
    
60. 
    --The lowering of Proto-Germanic ē (/ɛː/, also written ǣ) to ā.
    

-The development of umlaut.
The rhotacism of /z/ to /r/.
-The development of the demonstrative pronoun ancestral to English this
Above-described statements are known as ...............

61. 
    What is rhotacism?
    
62. 
    Re order the following historical events according to the chronological order.
    
63. 
    The four major dialects recognized in Old English are .......
    
64. 
    Which dialect became prevalent in prose literature during the old english period?
    
65. 
    Which dialect was primarily used for the greatest poetry, such as the anonymous 8th-century epic poem Beowulf?
    
66. 
    Old English borrowed few proper nouns from the language of the conquered Celts that describe geographical features.
    

Why did Old English borrow words?

67. 
    altar, mass, priest, psalm, temple, kitchen, palm, and pear
    

Above given words are borrowed from..........

68. 
    40 Scandinavian (Old Norse) words were introduced into Old English by the Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded Britain periodically from the late 8th century on. Introduced first were words pertaining to .....................
    
69. 
    What historical event Britain just linked with Middle English period begining?
    
70. 
    Choose the basic changes that occured in Middle English period.
    
71. 
    the Scandinavian they, them were substituted for the original hie, hem of the third person plural.
    

Above mentioned changes belong to what period?

72. 
    How the conjugation of verbs was simplified during middle english?
    
73. 
    What was main difference between Germanic and Indo European stress?
    
74. 
    What is main difference between strong and weak verbs in Germanic languages?
    
75. 
    there are four letters in Old English alphabet which are not present in modern English: they are........
    
76. 
    a, æ, e, i, o, u, y
    

They represent .........

77. 
    Choose the Old English Nasal, labial , alveolar, consonants.
    
78. 
    Choose the old english [ʃ] and [ʤ] and [tʃ]
    
79. 
    Choose the Old English stop consonants.
    
80. 
    government, the church, the army, arts, scholarship, and medicine
    

These words introduced by .............. .

81. 
    egg, sky, sister, window, and get, came into the language from ............................. .
    
82. 
    Which dialect was the most influential during Middle English period?
    
83. 
    How many languages are known as source languages from what modern english borrowed?
    
84. 
    When the pronoun "its" came into use?
    
85. 
    Lowland Scottish dialect, sometimes called ........................, first made known throughout the English-speaking world by the songs of the 18th-century Scottish poet ..................
    
86. 
    language contains differences in pronunciation also, such as neebour (“neighbour”) and guid (“good”).
    

What language is described above?

87. 
    English with its marked diphthongization of vowels, also makes use of special words, retained from English regional dialect usages, or taken over from indigenous terms: "water" (wa:der)
    
88. 
    Choose the dialects that used during the Middle English period?
    
89. 
    How many cases were there during Old English?
    
90. 
    The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain begins
    
91. 
    When did Old English period began?
    
92. 
    Words like hēafod(head), fæger(fair), or sāwol(soul) show forms that have been ................ in later English
    
93. 
    According to an examination of the words in an Old English dictionary about how many percent of them are no longer in use?
    
94. 
    which dialect corresponded to the OE Mercian dialect, divided into West and East as two main areas.
    
95. 
    Which dialects had developed from OE Northumbrian (including provincial dialects, e.g. Yorkshire and the Lancashire dialects and also what later became known as Scottish
    
96. 
    The stress is dynamic and fixed in the native words. But in the borrowed French words the stress was on the last syllable.
    

Which period mentioned above?

97. 
    when English had been reestablished as the main language of administration and writing, one of the regional dialects, the London dialect, prevailed over the others, especially as written form of the language?
    
98. 
    Native OE words can be subdivided into a number of etymological layers coming from different historical periods. The three main layers in the native OE words are:
    
99. 
    The distinct North Germanic speech of the Norsemen had great influence on English, most obviously seen in the words that English has borrowed from this source. These include some very basic words such as take and even grammatical words such as they.
    

What historical event described above?

100. 
     Which layer includes words that shared by the most Germanic languages, but do not occur outside the group. This layer is smaller than the layer of common Old English words. They originated in the common period of Germanic history, when Teutonic tribes lived close together. Semantically these words are connected with nature, with the sea and every day life: eorþe, scrēap, macian.
     
101. 
     They mainly pertain to diplomatic relations, social life, art and fashions. Moat of them have not been completely assimilated and have retained a foreign appearance to the present day:
     

1) works like 'genre' and 'restaurant' have analyzed vowels and a French spelling;
2) police, fatigue, marine receive the stress on the last syllable and are pronounced with long [i:]
Choose the correct answer

102. 
     Nowadays the total number of those borrowings in English is estimated at about 900 words, about 700 of them belong to Standard English
     
103. 
     What kind of word order were there during old English period?
     
104. 
     What kind of word order is found in many subordinate and some coordinate clauses. The clause begins with the subject and ends with the predicate (or its final part). All the secondary parts are enclosed between them?
     
105. 
     What kind of syntactic relations existed in OE?
     
106. 
     match the followings with the suitable definitions
     
107. 
     ..................................... in simple sentences in OE is expressed by the preverbal adverb ne, which precedes the finite verb.
     

e.g. Ac hie ne dorston þær on cuman

108. 
     This layer includes words which form the oldest part of the OE vocabulary. They go back to the days of the parent-language before its extension over the wide territories of Europe and Asia before the appearance of the Germanic group. They were inherited by PG and passed into the Germanic languages
     
109. 
     This layer of native words which do not occur in other Germanic / Non-Germanic languages. These words are few…
     

Clipian (to call), brid (bird), wimman,
hlāford [hlaf + weard (keeper)],

110. 
     The OE vocabulary, like that of any other language, developed in two ways:
     

- by forming new words from elements existing in the language;
- by taking over words from other languages.
OE borrowings come from 2 sources: ............ ............

111. 
     Latin words entered the English Language at different stages of OE history; chronologically they are divided into several layers: ...........
     
112. 
     According to their morphological structure OE words fell into 3 main types of word formation...........
     
113. 
     OE was a synthetic language so, the synthetic grammatical forms...............
     
114. 
     There were 5 declinable parts of speech in OE: they are ............
     
115. 
     The OE noun had grammatical categories of ....................
     
116. 
     Why was OE Gender not a purely grammatical category. It was a lexico-grammatical category,
     
117. 
     The category of case was represented by four opposite members:
     

N (the Nominative case);
G (the Genitive case);
D (the Dative case);
Acc. (the Accusative case).
The once existing instrumental case was no longer existing in OE. Its functions were taken by the ......................

118. 
     On the basis of former stem-building suffixes most scholars distinguish strong and weak declensions of OE nouns.
     

the strong declension includes nouns with stems (-a, -ō, -i, -u) which are often called ......................;

119. 
     the weak declension comprises nouns with the stem originally ending in n-stem only. There are some minor declensions (r-stems, s-stem,nd- stems) which are known as...........
     
120. 
     Which of the OE vowel declension is the most widely spread and proved to be the most stable in the history?
     
121. 
     What is the origin of Modern English possessive infleсtion -‘s ?
     
122. 
     What is the origin of the plural -(e)s in the present-day English ?
     
123. 
     The OE adjective was a fully declinable part of speech. It had the same categories as nouns (number, gender and case): It had ......................
     
124. 
     Some OE adjectives also changed their forms in accordance with the category of Degrees of comparison.
     

What was the regular suffix of the comparative degree and the superlative degree had mostly suffix ?

125. 
     Some adjectives had in the comparative and superlative degrees: eald – ieldra- ieldest; heah – hierra – hiehst.
     
126. 
     There was a group of adjectives of the degrees of comparison: ʒod – betera – betst
     
127. 
     One of OE parts of speech had a 3 numbers. It was .........
     
128. 
     Why is The Middle English period, is called a period of radical changes?
     
129. 
     When the –e at the end of plural adjectives was lost and adjectives in English became indeclinable
     
130. 
     In medieval times, speakers of all the Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was often referred to as a single language, called the ........................ until the 13th century by some in Sweden and Iceland. 
     
131. 
     Which period in the history of English is known as a "full ending period"?
     
132. 
     Why is Middle English is known as a "levelled ending period"?
     
133. 
     When English language changed into analytical form?
     
134. 
     What happened with Old English Case during the Middle English period?
     
135. 
     The words pork, beef, veal, mutton, and venison all derive from ................. words referring respectively to the edible meat of the swine, cow, calf, sheep and deer, the latter being .................... words
     
136. 
     The Anglo-Saxon words were used to refer to both the meat and the animals. Interestingly, the words beef and cow are both descendents of a common Indo-European word ...................-, which, because of the different historical changes in the Germanic and Romance families, has given rise to quite different-sounding words
     
137. 
     What was the substitution of Modern English "th" in Od English?
     
138. 
     Choose the Norman scribes that introduced in Middle English alphabet.
     
139. 
     The Anglo-Saxons of the eighth and ninth centuries, however, had a very different relationship with the other germanic tribes who invaded and later settled. It is likely that the two languages were also used simultaneously, given their high degree of mutual intelligibility.
     
140. 
     Gender loss began in the north of England but some parts of the country were the most linguistically conservative regions untill 1340s.
     

Choose the region where retained older elements

141. 
     Modern English is considered as a ................................ according to unstressed syllable.
     
142. 
     When London English had almost completed the shift away from grammatical gender, and Modern English retains no morphological agreement of words with grammatical gender?
     

143. 
     Proto-Germanic word *aimaitijō . Find the modern equevalent.
     

144. 
     Proto-Germanic probably had a more general ...........word order.
     
145. 
     Pyles and Algeo estimate that approximately......words were borrowed from Latin during this period of continental contact.
     
146. 
     The best known writer of Middle English..................... wrote in the second half of the 14th century in the emerging London dialect, although he also portrays some of his characters as speaking in northern dialects, as in the "Reeve's Tale"
     
147. 
     Proto Germanic word strangiþō . Choose the word in modern English
     
148. 
     Proto Germanic word strangiþō . Choose the word in modern English
     
149. 
     Clipian (to call), brid (bird), wimman, hlāford [hlaf + weard (keeper)],
     

Choose the correct layer of Old English Vocabulary.

150. 
     Match the followings
     

Hū mihtest þu hit swā hrædlice findan?
Hēr on þyssum ʒēare fōr sē micla here
He cwæþ þæt he bude on þæm lande
nān man ne būde benorðan him