ITU
Publications
Thematic reports
Innovation
Published in Switzerland
Geneva, 2020
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International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Development Bureau
Place des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
ISBN: 978-92-61-30991-6
9 7 8 9 2 6 1 3 0 9 9 1 6
Digital Innovation Ecosystem
Nurturing a start-up culture
for digital development
toolkit
Primer - version 1.1 - section1 for review
Global Innovation Forum
Send feedback to innovation@itu.int
This primer is part of draft toolkit we are co-creating with various ecosystems
Nurturing a start-up culture for digital development toolkit
Nurturing a start-up culture for digital development toolkit
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Section I: Building Vibrant Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
This publication is designed to provide a framework in which stakeholders in Entrepreneurial
Ecosystems can more effectively collaborate. By doing so it is hoped a vibrant entrepreneurial
ecosystem can be attained in which digital innovation is accelerated and there are benefits to be
derived by individual stakeholders and synergistic benefits for all stakeholders and the overall economy.
A vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem is greater than the sum of its parts. Effective collaboration,
optimal allocation of resources and a sense of community creates a highly dynamic environment in
which the benefits to be derived are multiples of what otherwise would be the case if stakeholders
operated independently and only engaged when a direct self-interest presented itself. A Vibrant
entrepreneurial ecosystem also makes it a likelihood that National Resource Attraction and Global
Connectedness become much stronger increasing the availability of additional resources for local
start-ups as well as providing them with better foreign market growth opportunities. The potential
for greater innovation efficiencies is also higher in vibrant entrepreneurial communities.
In this first section we will present the systems of innovation approach that is consistent with
the collaborative framework we are to present, a listing of the six major stakeholders in an
entrepreneurial ecosystem and the challenges they face in collaborating. We then examine the ideal
type of entrepreneurial ecosystem we are striving for with optimal stakeholder collaboration and
the benefits to be derived. Proceeding is a description of the progressive stages of development for
an entrepreneurial ecosystem and primary roles of each stakeholder based on development stage.
What than follows is the connection between community-building and the establishment of a culture
of innovation. The section concludes with the basic assumptions of the collaborative framework to
be presented in Section II.
1.1
Systems of Innovation
The framework presented in this toolkit was developed consistent with the systems of innovation
perspective.
Innovation is a complex, often used (and misused) concept. For the purposes of this discussion, we
will refer to the OECD definition of innovation:
“The implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new
marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or
external relations.”
In the early days of academic research on innovation, stimulating innovation was thought to be a linear
process. In this model, science produces technology and technology delivers products and services
in response to market need. This led to the idea that increased investment in innovation inputs such
as research and development (R&D) yields more innovation. Unfortunately, this perspective does
not reflect the dynamism of the innovation process, which includes a variety of factors interacting
together such as R&D investment, but also talent pools, culture, economic conditions, markets, and
investment, among many others.
As a result, a new school of thought emerged that considers innovation production from a systems
perspective. In this model, innovation does not have a singular direction nor is fostering it simply
a matter of increasing investment in research. It is a complex process incorporating investment,
education, networking, community building, cultural exchange, economic factors and serendipity.
Perhaps most importantly, it illustrates how actors who stimulate interactions between science,
technology, institutions, learning, and public policy generate knowledge. In other words, the systems
approach shows how innovation is driven by stakeholders who know the overall process, their roles,
and how those roles relate to those of other stakeholders.
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1.2
Stakeholders in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
There are six major stakeholders in an entrepreneurial ecosystem. They include entrepreneurs,
investors, entrepreneurial support organizations, government, academia, the corporate community
and the media. A prerequisite for effective collaboration is to build a minimal level of empathy amongst
each group of stakeholders.
1.3
Stakeholder Relations Challenges
There are several challenges stakeholders must mutually overcome to improve the internal dynamics
of their entrepreneurial ecosystem as they progress to a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem.
More collaboration, greater empathy among stakeholders and the development of a community
consciousness are important steps towards increased, sustained and effective stakeholder engagement.
1.3.1 Insufficient Collaboration
Each local entrepreneurial community, whether it is a city or country, has to create an ecosystem
that reflects its own unique needs and circumstances. However, pursuing a customized approach
should not translate into poor coordination between key stakeholders. For example both public and
private actors must contribute to building the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is important to be efficient
and deploy limited resources to support good practices as well as divert them from bad practices to
good ones. Again, this means that while ecosystems are unique connecting local, regional and global
ecosystems to encourage knowledge sharing and cross-pollination is a critical success factor. A division
of labour is an additional way to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently. This requires some
joint planning and the designation of primary roles for each stakeholder. Stakeholder collaboration is
an excellent community-building activity that can lead to more sustainable collaboration and organic
expansion of the ecosystem.
1.3.2 Lack of Empathy amongst stakeholders
A prerequisite for any effective collaboration is empathy among all the stakeholder groups. It is
essential that each stakeholder group understands the needs, capabilities, decision-making processes,
risk tolerance and other characteristics of the other stakeholders. Efforts towards greater empathy
can also serve to reveal commonalities and identify reasonable areas of collaboration and manage
working relationships with other stakeholders.
1.3.3 Lack of a Community Conscious
Development of a community conscious is vital to creating and maintaining a mutual sense of
working for a cause greater than the parochial interests of one’s stakeholder group. A community
consciousness helps build trust and provides greater impetus for mutual empathy. Developing a
“we are in the same boat” mentality is crucial particularly in the early community-building stage
when stakeholders only have themselves to rely upon, there is no immediate identifiable benefits to
be derived from their community-building efforts and long-term benefits remain abstract. During
successive stages promoting and cheering for the success of fellow stakeholders generates a positive
vibe and espirit d’corps that plants a firm foundation for both ongoing and future collaboration. The
benefits to be secured for each stakeholder group varies with each stage and often times certain
stakeholders stand to benefit in a given stage greater than other stakeholders. Without a community
conscious sustainable engagement among the stakeholders would prove to be much more challenging.
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Nurturing a start-up culture for digital development toolkit
1.4
Vibrant Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
The defining characteristic of a vibrant start-up ecosystem is the abundant supply of all three of
the resource types so vital for entrepreneurs. Favourable business environment, favourable
market environment and the dynamic workings of the entrepreneurial community are additional
characteristics of a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem.
1.4.1 Abundant Supply of the Three Critical
Resources for Entrepreneurial Ventures
In a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem all the critical resources needed by entrepreneurial ventures
is abundantly present and readily available. The three critical resources for entrepreneurial ventures
are financial, relational and knowledge-based.
1.4.1.1 Financial Resources
Financial Resources include all monetary assets (derived from investment, borrowing or revenues)
and tangible assets secured or to be secured. It also includes the opportunities that can be pursued
that can either reduce the amount of financial resources needed or reduce the cost of acquiring
such resources.
1.4.1.2 Relational Resources
Relational Resources of an entrepreneurial venture include professional networks, partnerships,
the chemistry and morale of the employees and working relationships with external parties such as
media, bloggers, vendors, distributors, licensees, government regulators and trade associations. It
also includes the range of external opportunities that can be pursued to gain greater exposure for
either your venture or innovation, expand your social networks, reduce the amount of social-based
resources needed or reduce the cost of acquiring such resources. Branding represents the most
potent relational resource. To enhance branding the most valuable asset for a young entrepreneurial
venture is trust. Accumulating relational resources is about establishing a high level of trust with both
internal and external parties. A great working environment, a value-based business culture, strong
corporate governance and effective branding are the primary means to establish trust both internally
and externally.
1.4.1.3 Knowledge Resources
Knowledge Resources of an entrepreneurial venture includes the aggregate skills and experiences of
the founders, employees and advisors, progress on learning curves, Intellectual Property developed
or acquired and the principles and processes that are adhered too. It goes well beyond just the
human resources possessed. The learning achieved includes institutional knowledge and what has
been learned on the target customers, marketplace and product. The principles and processes to be
adhered to include the values and organizational structure of the start-up and the processes followed
to reduce waste and improve execution. The Lean Process and Agile methodology are examples of
such processes. Working relationships with external knowledge-based institutions (i.e. universities,
R&D institutions, trade/educational conferences, association memberships, etc.), joint ventures and
use of best practices are other forms of knowledge-based resources from which knowledge value
can be derived.
The most efficient means for an entrepreneurial venture to secure these vital resources is through
bootstrapping opportunities.
It is important to note that all five types of major bootstrapping opportunities represent collaborative
efforts by two or more stakeholders and possession of a multiple of each of the five major bootstraps
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represents a highly dynamic ecosystem that offers a much greater opportunity for the success of local
entrepreneurial ventures.
Box 1: Major Bootstrapping Opportunities
Bootstrapping Opportunities are any external activities or programs that offer one or more
of the critical resources to entrepreneurial ventures in a cost-effective manner in terms of
both equity dilution and decision-making control.
Bootstrapping opportunities can be considered either “minor” or “major.” Minor bootstraps
are minor in that these opportunities primarily or exclusively offer only one of the three
resource types to be acquired. Major bootstraps simultaneously offer all three resources-
financial, knowledge and relational.
Minor bootstraps can be categorized based on the primary resource they offer. Examples
of financial bootstraps include side project work, non-project based revenues, alternative
financing options, cloud computing, public funding, prize money and the sharing or free
reception of services. Securing related project work, feedback from peripheral activities,
knowledge bartering, alpha/beta testing participation and attending workshops and related
start-up events are examples of knowledge-based bootstraps. Bootstraps to attain relational
value include the leveraging of third-party credibility, proper selection of vendors, secure
captive audiences and actively participate (not just attend) start-up events. The existence
of these various bootstraps all serve to enhance the vibrancy of a start-up ecosystem.
The five major bootstraps vital to the vibrancy of any start-up ecosystem include incubators,
accelerators, co-working spaces, crowd sourcing/crowd funding and strategic partnerships.
Building Startup Ecosystems, P.3-5.
1.4.2 Business Environment
Business Environment factors include business regulations, market regulations (including internet),
cost and effort to maintain compliance for a registered business, taxes, local IT infrastructure
(availability and speed of internet), availability of online business opportunities and political risk. For
cash-starved entrepreneurial ventures inhospitable business environments tend to be more severe
than for larger business entities. The government sector is the primary stakeholder responsible for
ensuring a favourable business environment for entrepreneurial ventures.
1.4.3 Domestic Market Environment
Factors in the domestic market environment category include pool of early adaptors to serve as
testers, mature marketplace with a greater likelihood of adoption, social media and internet usage,
discretionary income levels, demographics, availability of efficient and accepted online payment
solutions, size of online and consumer markets, degree of localization required for market entry and
differentiation of consumer tastes vis-à-vis neighbouring and global consumer markets. The size of
local online and consumer markets is important in regards to the speed and ease at which a local
start-up can attain a market leading position as well as whether a local start-up can sufficiently scale
to be in a strong financial position to grow geographically and the effort it takes to attain a market
leading position. If the domestic market is too small than a start-up may have to expand abroad
before they have had time to develop a strong brand, offer value to a strategic partner or have the
capacity to deal with localization issues so early in their life cycle. However a domestic market that
is too big may be too challenging or costly to secure a market leading position. Social media usage
is also very important. The greater the social media usage the higher the probability of viral growth.
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Strong local brand awareness ensures a loyal and sustainable customer base as well as fortify any
first-mover advantages. A large degree of localization in the home market can provide a protective
barrier to entry from foreign competitors as well as open more exit opportunities with larger multi-
national corporations who prefer acquiring local market leaders rather than go through the hassle of
developing localized products or services. An entrepreneurial venture successful in their home market
may find it difficult to expand regionally or globally if the consumer tastes of their home market is
much different than the foreign markets they would like to expand too.
Availability of critical resources, favourable business and market environments are all factors when
measuring the vibrancy of an entrepreneurial community. However the dynamics of an entrepreneurial
community is another factor often overlooked and the focus of this toolkit.
1.4.4 Dynamic Entrepreneurial Community
Every stakeholder is actively engaged and have a strong empathy towards the other stakeholders
and a keen understanding of what role they play within the community. This results in an efficient
community dynamic in which there is ample choice, ample healthy competition, ample synergies
and minimum overlap (high efficiency) in the delivery of value amongst the various stakeholders.
The primary factor is the number and variety of engaged stakeholders and the level of collaboration
amongst them. Diversity is also a factor because local inclusive start-up communities with a nice mix
of local and foreign entrepreneurs provides a greater multitude of perspectives helpful in identifying
innovative solutions. A large variety of start-up events/activities, a strong community consciousness
are also characterize vibrant ecosystems opening the door for further collaboration.
Expanding global connectedness is a globally recognized success factor for entrepreneurial ecosystems
and vibrant dynamic ecosystems create much more opportunities to make global connections. How
capable is the community able to beckon foreign entrepreneurs considering re-location, seducing
multi-national corporations to actively engage, drawing-in international NGO’s with an entrepreneurial
focus? Gaining international exposure is accomplished through attracting the interest of regional and
global media, participation in regional and global start-up events and competitions, and the individual
or collaborative efforts of stakeholders to promote the local community abroad both offline and online.
However, the most powerful branding tool remains being recognized as the home of notable start-
ups that have either had a highly successful exit or is establishing a strong regional or global brand.
1.5
Direct Stakeholder Benefits of a Vibrant Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
For stakeholders effective collaboration and the promise for a vibrant entrepreneurial community is
a worthy endeavour.
For start-ups a vibrant entrepreneurial community possesses a full selection of complimentary and
competing bootstrapping opportunities offering tech entrepreneurs greater and more attractive
options at each stage in their life cycles. There is robust competition amongst early-stage investors
resulting in optimal participation and funding terms for start-ups respectively. At this stage the
community becomes an irresistible global magnet for tech entrepreneurs either considering a place
to launch their venture or an ideal location to re-locate.
For investors there is an abundance of investment-grade start-ups at every funding stage and in a
broad range of industries and markets. Easy access to the most promising start-ups are ensured
with frequent tech conferences, pitch events and demo days sponsored by numerous start-up event
organizers, universities, public agencies, media, incubators and accelerators. There are plenty of ready
and willing co-investors including strategic investors that can help a start-up locally and globally scale.
For academia all of their efforts are validated as more students consider being entrepreneurs, those
graduating with entrepreneurial skills find their skillset in high demand and plenty of opportunities to
either join an entrepreneurial venture or launch one themselves in such a supportive entrepreneurial
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community. There is now sufficient demand for universities to launch entrepreneurship programs at
both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Perhaps most importantly their primary research have
a much higher likelihood to be commercialized via partnerships with local entrepreneurial ventures.
Partnership opportunities with corporations and government agencies also grow for the mutual intent
to support local entrepreneurs. Universities also begin to build databases of the findings collected
from the entrepreneurial ventures they have partnered with.
For entrepreneurial support organizations there is ample demand for their services. Both online and
offline entrepreneurial community forums are buzzing with activity and postings. International start-
up organizations can now fully leverage their global networks.
Corporations see a strengthening of their competitiveness as they leverage the innovations of local
entrepreneurial ventures. Their engagement with tech start-ups have also provided valuable insights
into their own customer base, identified new customer segments, new online marketing channels
and most importantly have a much better understanding of what is of strategic value to them. Indeed
corporations start to organize their own events and acquire start-ups they have either previously
partnered with or new start-ups they see hold strategic value. The portfolio ventures of corporate
VC’s now begin to make considerable contributions to the mother corporations’ bottom lines and in
some cases the exponential growth of their portfolio companies dramatically improves the balance
sheets of the mother corporation and enhances their competitiveness and industry positioning.
For Government agencies the success of the local entrepreneurial ecosystem has validated all of
their previous initiatives and programs in support of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and they are
now benefitting from enlarged budgets for continued support of local entrepreneurial ventures.
Regulatory agencies also experience an expansion of their authority as new regulatory regimes are
now needed to cover new areas such as e-commerce, cyber security, data privacy and fin tech.
Most importantly local entrepreneurial ventures have developed innovative tools that improve the
performance of public agencies, collect valuable data for use of public agencies and help fulfil the
KPIs of public agencies themselves.
Media outlets covering the local entrepreneurial community find themselves in a very content rich
environment as there are plenty of compelling stories to cover on an almost daily basis. Many start-
up event organizers solicit them to serve as media partners. The more fortunate community-based
websites are now able to secure growth funding themselves to expand their content teams. Media
have several new opportunities to monetize. With increased traffic websites covering the local start-
up community can now charge for their advertisement space and secure sponsorships. Perhaps most
importantly these community-based sites have now become a large depository of start-up community
data and historical records that can be aggregated, monetized and packaged in reports valuable to
other stakeholders. Mainstream Media outlets are filling out their technology sections attracting a
younger demographic fascinated with local start-up success stories.
1.6
The Overall Economic Benefits of having a Vibrant Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
A vibrant entrepreneurial community offers many benefits to the local economy and the entrepreneurial
ecosystem as a whole. They include:
•
Increased overall economic competitiveness
This benefit is the best metric for the success of the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. As corporations,
public agencies and other economic entities leverage the innovations of local entrepreneurial ventures
they gain competitive advantage vis-à-vis their competitors in neighbouring countries and possibly
around the world. The success of entrepreneurial ecosystems should not be rated based on number of
entrepreneurial ventures, the aggregate amount of revenue they generate or the number of jobs they
directly create. Rather the economic impact is a multiple of all these factors given that the leveraging
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of their innovations by larger economic entities with larger customer bases, vast distribution networks
and far more expansive operations delivers a far greater economic impact for the local economy.
•
Establishment as a regional or global center of innovation
Once a local entrepreneurial community transforms a local economy to a recognized center of
innovation the local economy becomes a magnet for foreign sources of all three of the critical
resources for entrepreneurial ventures. Such inflow of resources also benefits the other stakeholders
and all economic entities in the local economy. Most notably the inflow of innovative tech talent
provides cause for multi-national corporations to establish R&D centres and attracts R&D funding for
local universities. The increased inflow of foreign resources also decreases the amount of domestic
resources to be allocated towards innovation thereby positively mitigating any innovation inefficiency
issues. National Resource Attraction and Global Connectiveness are two very important measures
in the annual Global Startup Ecosystem Report by Startup Genome. Both scores can be expected to
improve once status as a regional or global center of innovation is earned.
1.6.1 Innovation Inefficiencies
The WIPO GII Report illustrates how innovation efficiency can be estimated by comparing the ratio
of innovation input to output. A highly efficient innovation ecosystem produces abundant output
with limited input. In other words, a low ratio indicates high efficiency while a high ratio indicates
low efficiency.
Innovation efficiency can be a challenge for countries for several reasons. One reason could be that
they make inadequate investments in innovation as a result of priorities that may be focused on
essential services (such as education, health, etc.) especially in developing countries. Inputs may not
be present, whether in the form of investment, talent or market access, or the enabling environment
may not be well established. Another reason could be that innovation systems may not be effectively
incentivized to apply research in the form of marketable innovations, and to have the research secure
in terms of intellectual property rights.
•
Compel public policy-makers to update business laws and regulations
Without the emergence of fintech start-ups there would be little need to pass fintech laws and update
banking laws already on the books. The emergence of e-commerce start-ups has compelled many
governments to update tax codes and pass data privacy legislation. With a growing local entrepreneurial
ecosystem there is increased pressure for government agencies to improve IP protection laws and
adjudications. Consequently an expanding entrepreneurial community may result in an improved
business environment benefitting all stakeholders and the overall economy.
•
Accelerate maturity of local economy and digital inclusion
The commercialization of innovative products and services in a local economy results in greater
refinement of consumer tastes, greater consumer expectations and consumer-friendly competition.
Entrepreneurial ventures not only develop innovative products and services to meet the increasingly
evolving tastes and heightened expectations of consumers but they also target new or previously
underserved consumer markets, particularly rural populations and the under banked. Consequently
an expanding entrepreneurial ecosystem may have the self-serving effect of improving the market
environment.
Given all these benefits one can see how a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem can develop organic
and sustainable growth because more resources critical to entrepreneurial ventures is attracted,
innovation inefficiencies are increasingly sufficiently addressed and improvement in both business
and market environments are self-fulfilled.
Thus far we have identified the major stakeholders in an entrepreneurial ecosystem, the importance
of mutual empathy as a perquisite of effective collaboration and the benefits to be enjoyed as a result
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Nurturing a start-up culture for digital development toolkit
of optimal collaboration fully realized in the most progressive stage of development – the Vibrancy
Stage. The remainder of this section will cover how stakeholders can jointly agree upon the proper
current roles for each stakeholder group and the immediate challenges to be addressed.
Box 2: Innovation Efficiencies – a tale from the innovation divide and broken R&D links
By looking into innovation efficiencies data from WIPO Global Innovation Index, it can be
assessed at the first level whether a country is currently generating the seeds of technology
invention needed to create disruptive solutions via its innovation ecosystem.
Income level classification of countries seems to have a significant impact on a country
efficiency ratio. The efficiency ratio is a measure developed by WIPO, which measures an
index of output metrics from the Global Innovation Index over an index of input metrics. As
can be seen, high income countries in general of higher innovation efficiency.
However, in the graph below, one can also see that some low income countries still have high
efficiency ratio, which points to another challenge they may be facing, that of translating
their effective innovation efficiency into income.
The inventor of 3M Post-It Notes, Dr. Geoffrey Nicholson, famously said: “Research is the
transformation of money into knowledge, and innovation is the transformation of knowledge
into money.” Given the global and increasingly more open economies, digital knowledge
can be captured within a country ecosystem, or from other ecosystems. Countries need to
understand whether the money they are spending in R&D is moving to create jobs, growth,
in other word, income.
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Figure 2: Innovation efficiency ratios
Source : WIPO GII report, 2016
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Box 3: National Resource Attraction & Global Connectedness Box
Exits drive up ecosystem size in a more direct way: Resource Attraction. In tech ecosystems
large companies are built more successfully in regions where ecosystem experience
and resources abound. Large exits act as a beacon to the rest of a country or the world,
putting an ecosystem on the map and telling entrepreneurs, talent, and investors that the
complex conditions required to build a large start-up are present. Entrepreneurs, start-ups,
and investors are attracted to these ecosystems from locations perceived as having less
resources—to the point some of them move. Therefore large exits are also the reason for
resource leakages in ecosystems perceived as less conducive to start-up success.
During the Activation phase, ecosystem resources grow at an organic rate, i.e. the rate local
(city) resources grow and become activated to participate in its nascent tech sector, minus
resource leakages. Because of leakages this can be a very slow process.
The following chart (Figure 3) shows how Resource Attraction varies across Lifecycle phases.
Resource Attraction becomes positive during the Globalization Phase with National Resource
Attraction. From the Expansion phase, with Global Resource Attraction, the world becomes
the ecosystem’s pool of resources. Another benefit of Resource Attraction is that it increases
entrepreneurs’ Global Connectedness, which, as demonstrated in our research, leads to an
increase in a start-up’s ability to develop globally leading products and business models and
to attract foreign customers.
The following chart (Figure 5) shows how Resource Attraction drives the growth in resources
accessible to local early-stage start-ups across ecosystem phases.
During the Globalization and Expansion phase, not only does early-stage funding increase
rapidly, but also early-stage funding per start-up increases. From the Globalization phase start-
ups are formed at a faster pace locally, plus they move in from national then international
locations. Global Resource Attraction has an even more acute impact on capital because it
can flow in large amounts from all over the world without investors having to move.
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