Theory of Nationalism
Intended learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1.
Explain the concept of nationalism;
2.
Determine how Rizal’s works embody the concept of nationalism; and
3.
Assess the different views regarding Rizal and his works.
NATION AND NATIONALISM
According to
Oxford Dictionary, a nation is “a large body of people united by common
descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.”
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, nationalism is defined as "loyalty and
devotion to
a nation, especially a sense of national consciousness," and "exalting one
nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and
interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups."
A set of systems – political, social, and economic – characterized by the promotion of
the interests of one nation anchored on the aim to achieve and maintain self-governance
or total sovereignty.
A set of systems – political, social, and economic – characterized by the promotion of
the interests of one nation anchored on the aim to achieve and maintain self-governance
or total sovereignty.
Another facet of nationalism is that it is oriented towards developing and maintaining a
national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, and
religion.
What does nationalism do for a country?
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation
(as in a group of people) especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's
sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland.
Five Basic Elements of Nationalism
1.
Culture
2.
History
3.
Language
4.
Religion
5.
Territory
NATIONALISM according to Benedict Anderson
Benedict Anderson, one of the foremost proponents of the constructivist view of
nationalism, defines the nation as a fabrication, a bond between people that did not actually
exist prior to its own recognition. He states that, “It is an imagined community - and imagined
as both inherently limited and sovereign”
1
. Anderson believes that the nation is imagined
because members of this nation don’t know most of their compatriots but still have a communal
image; it is built based on recognition of commonality, not the commonality itself.
Nationalism is best understood by first looking into
the term
nation.
According to BENEDICT ANDERSON,
a prominent historian and political scientist, who
explored the origins of nationalism, he defined the nations as a fabrication, a bond
between people who did not actually exist prior to its own recognition.
For ANDERSON,
the nation “is an imagined community – and imagined as both
inherently limited and sovereign” (2006).
The Philippine nation is an imagined community because one who identifies himself or
herself as a Filipino will never meet all the other
Filipinos around the world, yet he or she
convinced that they exist and he or she is related to them.
ANDERSON
also presents the concept of
homogenous empty time. (
It was borrowed
from the idea of Walter Benjamin.) HOMOGENOUS empty time suggests that a nation
can be imagined as a unit, moving through time.
Anderson points out that Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere conjured an imagined community as if
the readers and the author were familiar to
and intimate with each other, with the
characters and readers being situated in the same context of time and space.
RIZAL’S WORKS AND NATIONALISM
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
emerged as the founding texts of Philippine
nationalism. These novels exposed the ills of the Spanish colonial government and the evils
prevailing in the Philippine society by presenting a narrative that contextualizes the country in
terms of politics, economy, and culture.
Through Rizal’s novels, he emphasizes the values of nationalism and loving one’s country.
The scathing national and narrative Rizal presented became the inspiration for strengthening
the anti- colonial movement.