Iroda Nematova, [

Iroda Nematova, [31.01.2022 15:56]
We illustrate such differences and point out the problem areas where speech scientists need to pay greater attention in building their systems, especially multilingual systems for Indian languages.One terminological point can be made here. Even though syllable is a term used in
describing the Brahmi scripts, there is another term (with very old origins) that better
describes the units formed by combining the consonants and vowel signs. This term is akshar and is the one used in traditional Indian linguistics. There is some similarity between what the terms syllable and akshar mean ,but therw is a subtle differnece-
tween what the terms syllable and akshar mean, but there is a subtle difference, because of which the mapping between syllables and akshars is not exactly one-to-one. In our opinion, this difference can be stated as follows: Syllable is a psychologically real phonological unit Akshar is a psychologically real orthographic unit This is the reason akshar is called ‘orthographic syllable’ by some scholars .One simple example can illustrate this difference. The vowel written as e or E may or may not be treated as a diphthong, depending on the context and also the language/dialect. In cases where it is treated as a diphthong.
two syllables a and i. This difference will have some implications for building practical applications using the model proposed in this paper.

2. SYNTAX

.Almost all Indian languages are structured in a subject-object-verb (SOV) pattern, while English uses a subject-verb-object (SVO) pattern. Even the direct and indirect objects in a simple sentence generally reverse order between Indian languages and English.Linguistic and syntactical differences between Hindi (an Indian language) and English are briefly illustrated in Fig. 2. Almost all Indian languages are structured in a subject-object-verb (SOV)
pattern, while English uses a subject-verb-object (SVO) pattern. Even the direct and indirect objects in a simple sentence generally reverse order between Indian languages and English. When the simple sentences used in the figure illustrate significant .
SEMANTICS: Here we discuss one example to show how semantic analysishelps in machine translation. For example, let us consider the English compounds cancer deathand room temperature. Lexical substitution of components of these compounds into Hindiwould produce the following result: kainsara mauta and kamar¯a t¯apam¯ana which are notlegitimate constructions in Hindi. However, the semantic paraphrase of the two compounds,namely, death from cancer and temperature of room will be helpful for achieving the correcttranslations of the compounds: kainsara se (or ke k¯aran.a)mauta and kamare k¯a t¯apam¯ana.Currently there exist two different approaches in Computational Linguistics to deal with thisphenomenon (Paul et al., 2010). They are (a) Labeling the semantics of compound with a set ofabstract relations (Girju et al., 2003) and (b) Paraphrasing the compound in terms of syntacticconstructs. Paraphrasing is again done in three ways: (i) with prepositions (war story vs storyabout war) (Lauer, 1995) (ii) with verb+preposition nexus (war story vs story pertaining towar,noise pollution vs pollution caused by noise (Finin, 1980) (iii) with Copula (tuna fish vsfish that is tuna) (Vanderwende, 1995).Detailed study of Sanskrit compound processing had been taken up recently (Kumar, 2012),and the insights gained there were found useful for processing the compounds in ILs. Afterlooking at the features of Sanskrit as described in the Sanskrit grammar, in the third sectionwe describe the automatic Sanskrit compound processor, followed by the insights we gainedfrom this processor to identify the compound tags and also the semantic categories necessary tocarry out the compound analysis automatically. The fourth section discusses as a case study, useof these tags for Hindi and Marathi compound types.

Iroda Nematova, [31.01.2022 15:56]

Uzbek language morphological,phonetic ,phonological and syntax feautures.If I say about Uzbek language' s morphology,I should mention that following ideas.
we address issues related to the morphology of the Uzbek language. In Uzbek, as in many other agglutinative languages, some single text-words correspond to sentences in non-agglutinative languages. Morphological processing is therefore a crucial operation in the automatic processing of Uzbek. We approach the theory of Uzbek morphology in terms of morphotactic and morphophonemic rules. We present the UZMORPP system of automatic morphological parsing for the Uzbek language. The Prolog implementation of this system is provided.
We take Verb to discuss we can say that: according to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions, the term "actions" embracing the meaning of activity (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play, to study), process (e.g. to sleep, to wait, to live), state (e.g. to be, to like, to know), relation (e.g. to t, to resemble, to lack) and so on. According to form, verbs can be described as words that have certain grammatical features that are not shared by other parts of speech, e.g. they have the categories of tense, aspect, voice, etc. According to function, verbs can be defined as words making up the predicate of the sentence.of your free preview.Unformatted text preview: Comparative typology in English and Uzbek languages Султанов Сардор 447 группа Plan : 1 Comparative typology as a branch of general linguistic 2 Comparison of Uzbek and English languages Comparative Typology as a branch of General Linguistics According to William Croft’s book “Typology and Universals”, the term ‘typology’ is roughly synonymous with ‘taxonomy’/’classification’ and given the following definition: Comparative typology is a branch of linguistics comparing languages in order to establish their similarities and differences. Its object is not singular and individual cases of similarity and difference but those which are common for large groups of language elements. Comparative typology classifies languages according to their structure. Although languages may differ in their material (i.e. have no words of the same root, or common morphemes) their structure (i.e. relations between the elements, functions of the elements) may be similar. Comparison of the languages : English – Indo European Family – Germanic – Analytic – SVO Uzbek – Turkic family – Southeastern – Uighur-chagatay – Agglutinative – SOV Examples Uzbek U xonani tozalayotgan edi (Verb-final language) He/she [subject] the room-[Object]+[Acc] tidying up [Past continuous] was [auxiliary verb] English “She was tidying up the room” (Verb-initial language) (Nouns marked for case + Verbs marked for tense) Uzbek U qalamni sindirdi (SOV) He [subject] the pen-[Object]+[Acc] broke [past] English “He broke the pen” (SVO) (Nouns marked for case + Verbs marked for tense) Uzbek (Men) stol ustida 5 ta olma( lar)ni ko’ryapman. (Pro-drop language I [subject] on the table [adverbial modifier of place] 5 apple s [object]+[acc] seeing [present continuous] English “I see five apples on the table” [subject+verb+object+adv.mod.] (Nouns marked for number (sing./pl.) + (Verbs agree with subject in person) Uzbek (Biz) senga ishonamiz We [subject] you [object] + in [acc.] believe [verb, present simple] English “We believe in you” (Verbs agree with subject in number + Verbs marked for tense) Categories English Uzbek Nouns marked for case no yes Nouns marked for number (sing./pl.) yes yes Verbs marked for tense yes yes Verbs agree with subject in person yes yes Verbs agree with subject in number yes yes SVO SOV Verb-initial Verb-final Word order Verb-initial/ verb-final Type of language Analytic Agglutinative/ Verb-initial languages always have auxiliary verb preceding the main pro-drop verb (as in English was smoking), while verb-final languages have auxiliary verbs following the main verb.
Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes. Contrary to many Turkic languages, Uzbek no longer has vowel harmony.

Iroda Nematova, [31.01.2022 15:56]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open æ ~ ɑ ɔ
/i/ and /u/ can have short allophones of [ɪ] and [ʊ], and central allophones [ɨ̞] and [ʉ]. /ɔ/ can have an open back allophone [ɒ].
/i/ and /æ/ can become [ɨ] and [a] when the syllable, or the vowel is adjacent to the phonemes /q/, /ʁ/, and /χ/ (yaxshi "good" [jaχˈʃɨ]).
Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs)Plurals are formed by suffix -lar. Nouns take the -ni suffix as an definite article, unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending -ga changes to -ka when the noun ends in -k, or -qa when the noun ends in -q or -g‘ (notice *tog‘qa → toqqa). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants -k and -q to voiced -g and -g‘, respectively (yurak → yuragim).[22] Unlike neighbouring Turkmen and Kazakh languages, there is no irregularity on forming cases after possessive cases (uyida "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen öýünde).