General information about the computer technical supply of computers

General information about the computer
TECHNICAL SUPPLY OF COMPUTERS

Classification of computers

Principles and organizers of computer operation
The structure of personal computers
Computer devices
Computer is an English word that means a calculator. Although it is now not only a calculator, it also handles text, audio, video and other data. However, now its old name - computer - is preserved. Its main function is to process a variety of data. It should be noted that in the minds of many, it is as if there is only a personal computer that we use every day. Of course, there are many reasons for this. One of them is that today's personal computers are much faster and more memory-efficient than previously considered universal computers, and the other is that these computers satisfy users to solve many problems. Although the term computer is now widely used, the terms PC (electronic computers) and HM (computers) are also widely used in real life. But for simplicity, we only use the term computer. There are different types of computers in practice: digital, analog (continuous), digital-analog, specialized. However, due to the use of digital computers, the universality of operations, the accuracy of computational operations and other indicators, they are used more and more. In practice, five groups of computers are now widely used in developed countries.
Depending on the size of the computer's memory, the speed of operations performed per second, the representation of data in the network (cells) can be divided into five groups:
- supercomputers (Super Computer);
- block computers (Manframe Computer);
- Minicomputers;
- personal computers (PC-Personal Computer);
- Notebook computers.
Supercomputers (TOP 500 computers) - are designed to solve very high-speed and large-scale problems. Such issues include issues of global weather forecasting, the study of the flow of different currents in three-dimensional space, global information systems, etc. These computers perform 10 trillion operations per second. Intel ASCI Red computer system with 9472 processor installed in Sandia laboratory of the US Department of Energy is leading in the competition of supercomputers. Its speed is 1 TFLOPS in the Linpacr parallel test, which measures the speed of computers (1 TFLOPS is equal to 1000 GFLOPS, and 1GFLOPS is equal to 1000000 FLOPS, 1FLOPS is equal to 1000 operations per second). In particular, this computer is used to model nuclear tests and obsolete nuclear weapons. It is noteworthy that the University of Tokyo has the world's fourth largest SGI ASCI Blue computer with 128 processors running at 873GFLOPS per second. The following table provides information on Top Computers:
RATING PLACE PRODUCTION COUNTRY COUNTRY NAME NUMBER PROCESSOR

1 Intel ASCI Red USA Intel (USA) 9472 1338

2 SGI ASCI Blue USA SGI (USA) 6144 634

3 SGI T3E1200 USA SGI (USA) 1084 430

4 Hitachi SR8000 Japan Hitachi (Japan) 128 368

5 SGI T3E900 USA SGI (USA) 1324 264

Personal computers are now widely used in businesses, institutions, and universities, most of which are IBM-compliant computers.
IBM-compliant computers mean that they are compatible with both hardware and software, regardless of whether they are manufactured by different companies. Such computers are small in size (sit on one table), the execution speed, for example, on computers with a PENTIUM-3 MMX processor is currently 750-1000 megahertz, and the memory capacity is 64-128 megabytes. These figures are changing rapidly, with the potential of computers doubling every two years and their prices falling so much. Today, Pentium IV computers are also widespread in the global market. IBM PC compatibility computers are manufactured by hundreds of companies. These are IBM, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Packard Bell, Toshiba, Apple, Siemens Nixdors, Acer, Olivetti, Gateway, SUN and others. It should be noted that the computers manufactured by the above-mentioned companies (bradename) - "Made in White", in Southeast countries: Malaysia, China, Thailand, Korea and other countries under the license of the above-named companies "Yellow" has Computers without company names are called "anonymous computers". Especially when buying the next group of computers, they should be well tested (using tests). For personal computers, an important indicator is a warranty (at least three years). However, the purchase of such computers should take into account the availability of licensed software and relevant literature.
Laptops. Laptops are much more compact, but the number of operations, the amount of memory is growing to the level of personal computers. One of their advantages is that they can run continuously (without changing the battery every time) on both electricity and built-in batteries.
At the same time, as soon as the battery is connected to the power supply, it begins to lose its charge, and the battery will last for several years. Currently, such laptops are manufactured by IBM, Compaq, Acer, Toshiba and other companies. Naturally, given that such computers are on a par with personal computers in terms of their capabilities, it is not difficult to see that their cost will be high. In addition, computers of this model have the ability to work without damage for 8-10 years. They run on operating systems MS DOS, shell programs, the latest versions of Windows and other operating systems designed for personal computers.
Compact laptops are also being developed. They also naturally work in operating system management and they are able to solve various field problems.
The principle of operation of an arbitrary computer was first proposed by the English scientist Charles Babich and a perfected version of his idea by John von Neumann. Its principle is the idea of ​​program-controlled automatic sequential operation. Today, many computers work on this idea. However, it should be noted that in recent years, multi-processor computers have been created, that is, computers that perform parts of the program in parallel, rather than in series. Thus, the computer works on the basis of a pre-configured program. In turn, a program is a sequence of commands (operators) written in a programming language to solve a problem on a computer. Programs written in a programming language are translated into a computer language using special interpreter programs. Computer language consists of sequences of 0s and 1s, written according to certain rules. The program, which is performed automatically according to the principle of John von Neumann, is first entered (downloaded) into the computer's memory. Based on the program stored in memory, each operator that makes up the program is executed sequentially.
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