Lesson. Linking words. ENGLISH LESSON BY BOBUR YULDASHEV
IELTS va boshqa imtihonlarga tayyorlanar ekanmiz, eng muhim jihatlardan biri,
bu bizdagi grammatik bilimdir.
Ko’pchilik IELTS nomzodlari qiynaladigan va xato qiladigan kerakli grammatik
mavzulardan biri bu bo’g’lovchi so’zlaridir.
Writingda ham coherenceni yaxshilash uchun, bu so’zlarni yaxshi bilishimiz kerak.
Iltimos, mavzuni o’rganib, har bir bog’lovchi so’zga bir donadan mustaqil gap ham
tuzunglar!
Kelinglar, bugungi darsimizda qo’ldan kelgancha ularni o’rganib chiqamiz.
TIME CLAUSES-PAYT ERGASH GAPLI QIO’SHMA GAPLAR.
Vaqt iboralari haqida gapirish uchun quyidagi so’zlardan foydalanamiz.
When
As
While
Before
After
Since
Until/till
Whenever
As long as
By the time
As soon as
The moment that
No sooner …. than
Hardly …… when
Once
Immediately
The first/last/next time
Agar ergash gap gap boshida kelsa, u har doim bosh gapdan
VERGUL
(,) bilan
ajratiladi.
Solishtiring:
HE VISITS US WHENEVER HE IS IN TOWN.
WHENEVER HE IS IN TOWN, HE VISITS US.
Ergash gaplar kelasi zamonni ifodalasa ham, ular PRESENT TIMEda qo’llaniladi.
I’ll call you as soon as I get to the shop.
Turn off the lights before you leave.
O’tgan zamondan ham avvalroq bo’lgan ish-harakat uchun esa, PRESENT
PERFECTdan foydalanishimiz mumkin.
After she had finished all of the housework, she cooked a meal.
We had watched a film before we ate food.
VAQT BOG’LOVCHILARI.
Ago- hozirdan avvalgi vaqtni ifodalaydi, va ‘avval’ degan ma’no beradi. He
bought a new flat 2 years ago.
Before-o’tgan zamondan oldingi vaqtni ifodalaydi.
We had seen each other before.
Until/till-“gacha” ma’nosini beradi.
I’ll stay here until/till I finish/have finished my
work.
By the time+Subject+Verb-‘gacha, guncha’ ma’nolarini beradi.
By the time we came, they had already set the table.
We will have finished the monthly report by the time you return from your
holidays.
By-‘…dan kech bo’lmagan muddatda’ degan ma’no beradi.
You can tell me your
answer by tomorrow afternoon.
(ertaga tushlikkacha aytishi mumkin, tushlik
deadline hisoblanadi.)
Solishtiring:
He will be here until Monday.
(dushanbagacha aniq qoladi)
He can report the news by Monday.
(hohlasa hozir, hohlasa ertaga, lekin
Dushanbagcha qilib qo’ysin degan ma’no)
During/while/as
During+Noun
Two of the fans ran into the stage during the concert.
While/as+Subject+Verb
While she was cooking, I broke her vase.
As we were passing by an old castle, we discovered lots of artefacts.
When+Present tense.
We’ll start the lesson when the teacher comes.
When+Subject+will+bare infinitive (so’roq so’z bo’lib kelganda)
Can you tell me when they will be ready?
#Natija ERGASH GAPLAR.
Bunday gaplar biror narsaning, ya’ni bosh bo’lakdagi ish-harakatning natijasini
ko’rsatadi. Ularga quyidagi so’zlar kiradi:
As a result
Therefore
Consequently
As a consequence
So
So/such ….. that
Bu so’zlar ‘natijada’ degan ma’noni beradi.
Our friend decided not to come and, as a result/therefore/consequently we
postponed the trip.
Demak, gapning ergashuvchi bo’lagi ‘why’ so’rog’iga javob bo’ladi.
Our friend decided not to come. As a result/consequently/therefore, we postponed
the trip.
Gaplarda ‘vergul’ning qo’llanishiga e’tibor bering.
So. It was sunny, so I wore sunglasses.
Such a/an+adjective+singular countable noun.
It was such a sunny day (thay) I wore sunglasses.
Such+adjective+plural/uncountable noun.
It was such cold water that we enjoyed drinking.
They had such beautiful cars that all of their neighbors admire them.
Such+a lot of+plural/uncountable noun
He had such a lot of friends that he never felt lonely.
There is such a lot of money in the box that you can buy whatever you want.
So+adjective/adverb
He is so clever that everyone asks him for help.
He walks so quickly that I always find it difficult to catch up with him.
So+much/little+uncountable noun
There is so much traffic in our city that road rage is a common problem.
So+many/few+plural noun
She bought so many jumpers that she had run out of money.
There are so few pandas left that governments are taking them under state
protection.
#sabab ergash gaplar
Bu gaplar bosh gapdagi ish-harakatning sababini ko’rsatib, ‘why’ so’rog’iga javob
bo’ladi.
Unga quyidagi so’zlar kiradi.
Because
As
Since
The reason for/why
Because of
On account of
Due to
Now that
For
BECAUSE
I took a taxi because it was raining/ Because it was raining, I took a taxi.
AS/SINCE (‘chunki’) degan ma’noda keladi.
I praised her since/as she did her homework well.
As/since she did her homework well, I praised her.
THE REASON FOR+NOUN/-ING FORM
The reason for my late arrival was the fact that I had overslept.
The reason for choosing this telephone was the fact that it was a new brand.
THE REASON WHY+SUBJECT+VERB
The reason why she left her work was that she had never been motivated.
BECAUSE OF/ON ACCOUNT OF/DUE TO+NOUN (‘TUFAYLI’
MA’NOSIDA)
We postponed the match because of /on account of/due to the heavy rain.
BECAUSE OF/ON ACCOUNT OF/DUE TO THE FACT
THAT+SUBJECT+VERB
We postponed the match because of/on account of/due to the fact that it rained
heavily.
NOW(THAT)+SUBJECT+VERB
Now that she has passed her exams, she can study at university.
FOR-‘chunki’. RASMIY YOZMA NUTQDA QO’LLANADI.
THE TEACHER PUNISHED HIM FOR HE CAME TOO LATE.
#MAQSAD ERGASH GAPLI QO’SHMA GAP
Bu turdagi gaplar, bosh gapdagi ish-harakatning maqsadini ifodalaydi. Ularga
quyidagi so’zlar kiradi:
To
In order to
So as to
So that
In order that
In case
For
TO-INFINITIVE
I went shopping TO buy some food.
IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO+INFINITIVE (RASMIY NUTQ)
He reads articles on a daily basis in order to/so as to broaden his horizons.
Inkor gaplarda biz IN ORDER NOT TO/SO AS NOT TO strukturasidan
foydalanamiz.
He was careful so as not to break her treasured vase.
SO THAT+CAN/WILL (hozirgi va kelasi zamonga ishora)
We bought a phrasal book so that we can communicate freely.
SO THAT+COULD/WOULD (o’tgan zamonni ifodalaydi)
He learned some words so that he could use them to describe his habits.
IN ORDER THATni ham ma’nosi SO THATniki bilan bir xil, lekin u rasmiy
ingliz tili bo’lgani uchun ko’p qo’llanmaydi.
I will give you a book in order that you will get ready for your exams.
IN CASE+PRESENT TENSE (hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun) “deb” degan
ma’noda.
We will decorate the room in case the guests come.
We bought some food in case Nora came.
In case tarkibida will/would qo’llanilmaydi.
For+noun (harakatning maqsadi ifodalanganda)
He went to the doctor for a check-up(tibbiy ko’rik.)
FOR+-ING FORM (biror narsaning funksiyasi haqida gapirilganda)
You use a folder for neatly keeping your files.
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