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Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation of the voiced consonants /b/ and /d/.
/b/
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/d/
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/b/ - /d/
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ball
beg
bit
bus
box
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do
dad
dig
doll
draw
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bad - dad
bid - did
tab - tad
cab - cad
lab - lad
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Exercise 2. Transcribe the following words:
Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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ball
beg
bit
bus
box
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do
dad
dig
doll
draw
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bad - dad
bid - did
tab - tad
cab - cad
lab - lad
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Exercise 3. Practice the pronunciation of the voiced consonants /g/ and /v/.
/g/
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/v/
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/g/ - /v/
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get
girl
goat
goal
game
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van
vain
verb
violin
village
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get - vet
gain - vain
lug - love
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Exercise 4. Transcribe the following words:
Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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get
girl
goat
goal
game
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van
vain
verb
violin
village
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get - vet
gain - vain
lug - love
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Exercise 5. Practice the pronunciation of the voiced consonants /z/ and /ð/.
/z/
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/ð/
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/z/ - /ð/
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zoo
zed
zero
doze
pause
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this
that
they
father
bother
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wiz - with
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Exercise 6. Transcribe the following words:
Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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zoo
zed
zero
doze
pause
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this
that
they
father
bother
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wiz - with
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Exercise 7. Practice the pronunciation of the voiced consonants /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/.
/m/
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/n/
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/ŋ/
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/m/-/n/-/ŋ/
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man
mad
meet
monk
mother
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nor
not
net
nit
norm
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hang
lung
ping
sing
song
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map - nap
pin - ping
corm - corn
ham - hang
sin - sing
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Exercise 8. Transcribe the following words:
Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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Words
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Trans
cription
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man
mad
meet
monk
mother
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nor
not
net
nit
norm
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hang
lung
ping
sing
song
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map - nap
pin - ping
corm - corn
ham - hang
sin - sing
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Exercise 9. Practice the pronunciation of the voiced consonants /ʤ/ and /ʒ/.
/ʤ/
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/ʒ/
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jar
gym
giant
gypsy
gentle
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measure
pleasure
erasure
leisure
casual
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Exercise 10. Transcribe the following words:
Words
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Transcription
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Words
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Transcription
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jar
gym
giant
gypsy
gentle
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measure
pleasure
erasure
leisure
casual
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Lesson 11
Voiceless consonant sounds
Lead in
A. Read the text and underline the words having voiceless consonants.
DIFFICULT LIFE
Sixty-eight-year old Mary Cooper leads a very difficult life in a block of flats in Dover. There is no central-heating installed in the flats, so in the winter Mrs. Cooper sits in front of her small electric fire in the kitchen. She goes to bed with her clothes on because she is too cold to take them off. She has to put old newspapers between her blankets to keep warm. Sometimes she isn't well enough to get up, so she stays in bed all day.
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B. Classify the words which you underlined according to the position of voiceless consonants in a word.
Initial position
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Medial position
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Post position
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Task 1. Study what a voiceless consonant is.
In the sound system of a language voiced and voiceless consonants are distinguished according to the presence or absence of voice during their articulation. If there are both noise and tone in producing a consonant, such a sound is called a voiced consonant. If there is only noise in producing a consonant, such a sound is called a voiceless consonant. During the pronunciation of voiceless consonant vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate.
Task 2. Study the pronunciation of the voiceless consonants /p/ and /t/.
The consonant /p/ is pronounced with the lips pressed together. Thus a complete obstruction is formed so that the air-passage through the mouth cavity is blocked for a short time. Then the lips are quickly opened and the air escapes with position [1, 25].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /p/ [5, 14].
The consonant /t/ is pronounced with the tip of the tongue pressed against the alveolar ridge. Thus contact is formed so that the air-passage through the mouth is blocked for a short time. Then the tip of the tongue is quickly removed from the alveolar ridge and the air escapes with plosion [1, 26].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /t/ [5, 18].
Task 3. Study the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant /k/ and /f/.
The consonant /k/ is pronounced with the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate. Thus contact is formed so that the air-passage through the mouth is completely blocked for a short time. Then the back of the tongue is quickly removed from the soft palate and the air escapes with plosion [1, 27].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /k/ [5, 26].
The consonant /f/ is pronounced with the lower lip raised to the edge of the upper teeth, forming a flat narrowing. The air passes through it with friction [1, 33].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /f/ [5, 24].
Task 4. Study the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant /s/ and /θ/.
The consonant /s/ is pronounced with the tip and blade of the tongue held close to the alveolar ridge. The sides of the blade of the tongue are raised. Thus a round narrowing is formed through which the air passes with friction [1, 35].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /s/ [5, 16].
The consonant /θ/ is pronounced with the tip of the tongue slightly projected out between the upper and lower teeth. The tip of the tongue is placed against the edge of the upper teeth to form a flat narrowing, the main part of the tongue being fairly flat and relaxed, while the air passes through the narrowing with friction [1, 33].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /θ/ [5, 42].
Task 5. Study the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant /h/ and /j/.
The consonant /h/ is pronounced with a strong air stream passing through the open glottis. The bulk of the tongue and the lips are held in the position necessary for the production of a following vowel [1, 36].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /h/ [5, 28].
The consonant /j/ is pronounced with the front of the tongue held against the hard palate at approximately the same height as in pronouncing the vowel /i/. The sides of the tongue are raised [1, 39].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /j/ [5, 28].
Task 6. Study the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant /w/ and /r/.
The consonant /w/ is pronounced with the lips forming a round narrowing, the back of the tongue being raised towards the soft palate as for /u/ or even higher. The sides of the tongue are raised [1, 37].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /w/ [5, 28].
The consonant /r/ is pronounced with the tongue tip raised towards the back part of the alveolar ridge, forming a rather wide air-passage, while the front of the tongue is to some extent depressed. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air passes along the median line of the tongue without any audible friction [1, 38].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /r/ [5, 34].
Task 7. Study the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant /ʧ/ and /ʃ/.
The consonant /ʧ/ is pronounced with the tip and blade of the tongue raised to touch the back part of the alveolar ridge. Then contact is made so as to block the air-passage through the mouth cavity for a short time. Then the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate, and the tip of the tongue is slowly removed from the alveolar ridge, forming a flat narrowing through which the air passes with friction [1, 29].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /ʧ/ [5, 32].
The consonant /ʃ/ is pronounced with the tip and blade of the tongue and the front of the tongue simultaneously raised. The air passes through the narrowing with friction. The lips are rounded and slightly protruded [1, 35].
Listen and practice the pronunciation of the consonant /ʃ/ [5, 32].
Task 8. Do the following exercises:
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