Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Task 3: Identify the type of semantic shift that has occurred in each case. Choose either Metaphor or Metonymy.
a) barbecue 'a rack for cooking meat over a fire' > barbecue 'a social event at which food is cooked over a fire';
c) mouth 'the body opening through which one takes food' > mouth 'a person' (eg. "three mouths to feed");
d) solve 'to loosen' > solve 'to clear up something puzzling';
e) mouse ‘a small rodent that typically has a pointed snout, relatively large ears and eyes, and a long tail > mouse 'a computer device';
f) white shirt 'a shirt that is white in color' > white shirt 'an office clerk, a manager'.


Task 4: For each example, tell whether the result of the semantic shift is Narrowing, Widening, Degeneration or Amelioration of the original meaning:

1. 
   OE wif 'a woman' > Modern English wife 'a married woman';
   
2. 
   MidE marshal 'groom for horses (literally 'horse slave')' > ME marshal 'high ranking officer';
   
3. 
   OE steorfan 'to die (of any cause)' > Modern English starve 'to die from hunger';
   
4. 
   MidE villein 'feudal serf, farmer' > Modern English villain 'a wicked or evil person';
   
5. 
   OE bouchier 'one who slaughters goats' > ModE butcher 'one who slaughters animals';
   
6. 
   MidE girle 'child' > Modern English girl 'female child';
   
7. 
   OE lyric 'poem to be sun with a lyre' > lyric 'any poem to be sung';
   
8. 
   OE mete 'food' > Modern English meat 'animal flesh’.