Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Immediate Constituents analysis determines the ways in which lexical units are relevantly related to one another. Thus the word-group a black dress in severe style makes up a structure represented as a black dress /in severe style. Fat mayor’s wife may mean that either «the mayor is fat» or «his wife is fat» according to someone’s intuition. Immediate Constituents analysis is used mainly to discover the derivation structure of a word. For example, the verb denationalize has both a prefix de- and a suffix -ize. To decide whether this word is a prefixal or a suffixal derivative we apply binary segmentation and find out that denation, denational cannot be considered independent sequences so the only possible segmentation is de-nationalize, there for we may conclude that the verb is a prefixal derivative.
The aim of distributional analysis is to state the position which lexical units occupy or may occupy in the text or in the flow of speech. The term distribution means the aptness of a word in one of its meanings to collocate or to co-occur with a certain group, or a certain groups of words having some common semantic component. In the sentence The boy ___ home the missing word is easily identified as a verb - went, came, ran so we are interested not in the lexical meaning of the words but in the part-of-speech mining of the word under analysis. In a number of cases words have different meanings in different distribution patterns (to treat smb well - to treat smb to ice-cream; ill look, ill health - fall ill, be ill). Not only words but also whole word-groups may acquire a certain meaning due to certain distributional pattern to which this habitual meaning is attached (that happened a day/month/year ago - that happened a grief ago/three cigarettes ago). The same set of lexical items can mean different things in different syntactic arrangements (John thought he had left Mary alone/ Mary alone thought that he had left John). Distribution of stems in a compound makes part of the lexical meaning of the compound word (cage-bird - bird-cage).
Transformational analysis is a re-pattering of various distributional structures in order to discover difference or sameness of meaning of particular identical distributional patterns. If we compare two compounds a dogfight and a dogcart they may seem to be similar and we understand them as a kind of fight and a kind of cart, but semantic relation shown by means of a transformational analysis is different so the lexical meaning is different too: a dogfight is a fight between dogs, a dogcart is not a cart between dogs but a cart drawn by dogs). Word-groups of identical distributional structure when re-patterned also show that the semantic relationship between words and consequently the meaning of the word-groups can be different (his cat, his mistake, his arrest, his cleverness - he has a cat, he made a mistake, he was arrested, he is clever- A possesses B, A performs B, A is the goal of the action of B, B is the quality of A).