Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Similarity of meanings or metaphor may be described as a semantic process of associating two referents, one of which in some way resembles the other, e.g. hand of a clock, warm voice, soft look.
Contiguity of meanings or metonymy may be described as the semantic process of associating two referents one of which makes part of the other or is closely connected with it, e.g. hand of a master (рабочий), the audience (spectators, students, etc.), to eat the late of a soup.
Restriction of meaning is the process of change of meaning when a word which before represented broader meaning, now has more restricted one, e.g. hound (OE. hund) which used to denote ‘a dog of any breed’ now denotes only ‘a dog used in the chase’; fowl (OE. fuzol, fuzel) which in old English denoted ‘any bird’, in Modern English denotes ‘a domestic hen or cock’.