Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги самарқанд давлат чет тиллар институти инглиз тили ва адабиёти кафедраси

Consonant (C) Vowel (V) Liquid (L) Glide (G)

+C -C +C -C

-V +V +V -V

/p/ /a/ /l/ / j /

stop all /r/ /w/ .

fricatives vowels intermediate between

affricates the 1^st and 2d classes

nasals

The consonant features correlation in acoustic and articulatory terms, their correspondence and representation can be illustrated in the following table:

№	Binary acoustic features	Articulatory correlates
	Vocalic/ non-vocalic	a periodic excitation and constriction/non-periodic
	Consonantal /non-consonantal	excitation and obstruction in oral cavity produced with occlusion of contact / with lesser degrees of narrowing
	Compact/diffuse	palatal, velar, guttural /labial/ dental, alveolar consonants opposition
	Grave/acute	labial, velar/dental, alveolar, palatal
	Flat/plain (non-flat)	labial/non-labial
	Nasal/oral	nasal/oral
	Discontinuous/continuant	stops (plosives), affricates/fricatives, liquids, glides
	Voiced /voiceless	voiced/voiceless
	trident/mellow	noisy fricatives (labio-dental, alveolar, alveo-palatal affricate)/less noisy fricatives (interdental, palatal, velar), plosives, glides, liquids
	Checked/unchecked	glottalization/non-glottalization
	Tense/lax	fortis/lenis
	Sharp/plain (non-sharp)	palatalized/non-palatalized (in Russian)

In the table of the distinctive features representation eight pairs of them are characteristic of English consonant phonemes.

Distinctive Feature Representation of the English Consonants

Distinctive features

l

ŋ

ò

tò

k

ʒ

ʤ

g

m

f

p

v

n

s

q

t

z

ð

d

h

≠

Vocalic/non-vocalic

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Consonantal/non-consonantal

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

Compact/diffuse

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Grave/acute

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Nasal/oral

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tense/lax

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

Discontinuous/continuant

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

-

Strident/mellow

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

As we can notice in the above table /i/,/r/, /w/, /j/, are omitted be cause the liquids /l, r/ are vocalic and consonantal and the glides /j, w/ are non-vocalic and non-consonantal. Usually American linguists regard the semivowels /j/, /w/ to be positional variants of the lax vowels /i/, /u/, respectively. Thus, this binary classification has restrictions on these four classes. Besides, correlation between the acoustic and the articulatory classification is not very clear in this theory. In spite of the fact that the binary classification of the acoustic features has some shortcomings, it is often used as a universal framework in the description of the distinctive features of phonemes without any experimental research. It is useful to use the binary classification of the acoustic distinctive features after instrumental investigations, as the latter is helpful in making a correct classification. The articulatory correlates of the twelve pairs of acoustic features may correspond to more than twenty features, thanks to the division of the consonant classes. This correlation has its own difficulties which require experimental investigation as well. The articulatory classification is more useful in language teaching practice than the acoustic one.

The feature strident-mellow is distinctive for eight consonant phonemes of English, whereas it is not distinctive for the Uzbek consonants the distinctive feature strident-mellow is very important in Russian as the consonant phonemes form one more correlation on the basis of this feature (in Russian it is called “мягкие-твёрдые”) besides voiced-voiceless correlation.


6. Allophonic Variations of English Consonant Phonemes

G.P. Torsuyev distinguishes two types of variations of the English phonemes: a) diaphonic variation which does not depend on the position, i.e. the consonant quality and quantity of the phonemes; b) allophonic variation which depends on the position and changes its quality and quantity. He also gives a complete description of these variations is English.

The allophonic variations of the English and Uzbek consonant phonemes depend on their distribution in words, syllables and junctures and also on the phonotactic rules (combinations of sounds or sound sequences). The allophones of a phoneme may be established on the basis of the complementary distribution. Two acoustically similar speech sounds which never occur in a certain position are regarded the allophones of a phoneme. The pronunciation of the allophones may vary in different positions i.e. in initial, medial, final positions of words, syllables and also in neighbourhood positions, in stressed and unstressed positions. The way three phases of articulation act to combine the sounds in the structure of words and syllables is also essential. It is very complicated to describe all the allophonic variations of the consonant phonemes. Therefore, we give the general rules of the occurrence of the allophones.

The phonemes /p, t, k/ have rather marked positional allophones. Before a stressed vowel, whether alone or followed by a sonorant or other consonant; they have aspirated allophones /p^h, t^h, k^h/: pin, play, proud, pure, tin, true, twice, tune, key, clean, crop, cure, quick. The alveolar phonemes /t, d, n, l/ have dental allophones before the fricative consonants /q/ or /ð/ of the same or following word: health, eighth, tenth, width, the ticket, all those, bell tune etc. The phonemes /t, d, n, l/ have post alveolar allophones before /r/: true, drink, country, hungry, children, etc. The lateral sonant /r/ has rather striking allophones and regional diaphones, when /r/ follows /q / or /ð/ it has an alveolar allophone, for example – through, the right hand. In prevocalic and intervocalic positions it has an apical allophone: cherry, merry, glory, far out, store it etc. After aspirated voiceless stops, as in proud, try, cry, it has a partially voiceless allophone.

Diaphone variation may be observed when /n/ is pronounced in stead of /ŋ/ in words like strength, length. The prefixes con-, in-, syn-, when stressed, have /ŋ/ besides a following /n/ before a following /k/, as in conquest, concord, income, syncope etc.

The vowel-like allophone of the phoneme /j/ may occur in such words as curious, Indian, Genius etc.

Many other allophones of the English consonant phonemes may occur in the various sound combinations. English is rich in initial medial and final combinations of consonants. Many of them do not occur in Uzbek.


References

1. 
   A.A. Abduazizov. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course, T., 2006
   
2. 
   A.C. Gimson. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. Edward Arnold, 1970
   
3. 
   Р.Якобсон, Г.Фант, М.Хaлле. Введение в анализ речи. Различительные признаки и их корреляты. Сб: Новое в лингвистике.. М., 1962
   
4. 
   S.F. Leontyeva. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics. M., 2002
   
5. 
   O.I. Dickushina. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1965
   
6. 
   V.A. Vassilyev. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1970
   
7. 
   D. Jones. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge, 1976
   
8. 
   M.A. Sokolova. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1994
   

5.2

LESSON PLAN 7

Teacher’s name: Course type: Developing/ Review

Course name: Theoretical Phonetics of English Room:

Date:

Вақт: 2 соат. Length: 2 hours	Талабалар сони: Number of students:
Ўқув машғулотининг шакли ва тури Type of the lesson Seminar	Кириш маърузаси: The theme of the lesson: The Consonant System of English
Маъруза режаси укув машғулотининг тузилиши Procedure/ Lesson outline	1. General Principles of Consonant Formation 2. The Articulatory Classification of English Consonants 3. The Acoustic Classification of English Consonants 4. Dichotomic Classification of the Acoustic Distinctive Features of English 5.Consonant Phonemes and its Articulatory Correlates 6.Allophonic Variations of English Consonant Phonemes
Ўқув машғулотининг мақсади: Lesson aims: to improve the students’ knowledge about the formation of consonants and their articulatory and acoustic classifications and the main peculiarities of English consonant phonemes in comparison with Uzbek and Russian
Педагогик вазифалар: Objectives: based on the topic	Ўқув фаолиятининг натижалари Learning outcomes: By the end of the lesson the Ss will be able… to know the criteria of vowel –consonant distinction have enough knowledge about the main principles of articulatory – acoustic classifications of English consonants to analyze the similarities and differences of consonants in English and Uzbek (Russian)
Таълим усулллари Task types	Lecture, explanation, demonstration, brainstorming, instructions
Таълим шакли Interaction patterns	Individual work
Таълим воситалари Materials used:	Aids, blackboard, cluster, insert table
Таълим бериш шароити Equipment/ aids used:	Auditorium, projector, computer
Мониторинг ва баҳолаш Types of assessment

Ўқув машғулотининг технологик харитаси

DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THE LESSON

Иш боскичлари ва вакти Steps and duration	Фаолият Process
	Таълим берувчи Teacher	Таълим олувчилар Students
1-босқич Part I (15 minutes)	1.1. greets and checks the attendance. Presents the theme of the lesson, its aim, plan and expected results. 1.2. activates students’ knowledge by quiz and brainstorming to create the environment for the seminar. 1.3. explains the criteria of assessment.	Listen, make notes, be ready for the home work and answer to teacher’s questions
2-босқич