«zamonaviy lingvistika» fanidan «types and classification of speech acts»

Directives
The data included into this type is as follows:
- “Father, I only need a rose plucked by your hand.”
-“Please let me go home! I only want to see my father before he dies!”
In this speech act, the speaker did a request to the addressee.
-“You may go to stay with your father for seven days. But you must promise to return after that.”
In this speech act, the speaker did a suggestion and request to the addressee.
- “Beauty, please come back!”
-“Please don’t die, Beast!”
In this speech act, the speaker did a command to the addressee.
It can be concluded that in directives speech act classification, the speakers used to get someone else to do something for instance a request, suggestion, and command. So that, the addressee possibly did what the speakers wants.
Commissives
The data included into this type is as follows:
- “I will live with you forever!”
In this speech act, the speakers used to commit themselves to several future actions. It expresses what a speaker intends. The speaker promises to addressees with the aux verb “will” in the sentence.
Declarations
The data included into this type is as follows:
- “Look at the mirror and you can see your family. Now you won’t feel lonely anymore.”
In this speech act, the speaker changes the world via words. The speaker replaces the situation with the word that delivered to the addressee.
The results of this study, there are 10 speech act in the short story Beauty and the Beast. In the result, it can be classified into 4 types. Speech act classification is mostly Directives (50%); Representatives (30%); Declarations (10%); and Commissives (10%). The classification type unfound in speech act is Expressives.


CONCLUSION
Language describes the world around us'. That's the common view. A sentence (for example, 'it's cold in here, isn't it?') Describes a situation. But is there more going on than that? When we speak, are we only ever describing the world around us? Or are we also somehow 'acting within it'. Speech Act theory says that when we speak like we are also 'acting in the world'. What we say has a descriptive meaning, but it may also have an effect on those around us, causing them to act, or think, or respond in particular ways to what we say.
Our words have the power to cause things to happen. If someone says 'It's cold in here, isn't it?', Are they simply describing a state of affairs, or trying to act to change it, by getting someone to close the window?
A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your birthday. I just let it slip my mind." Speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture.
A speech act is an action that is performed in saying something. We perform speech acts all of the time! For example, when we offer an apology, extend an invitation, make a complaint, or give a compliment.
John Searle, (born July 31, 1932, Denver, Colorado, U.S.), American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of language—especially speech act theory—and the philosophy of mind.
John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960) was White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He made a number of contributions in various areas of philosophy, including important work on knowledge, perception, action, freedom, truth, language, and the use of language in speech acts.
John Searle classified the purpose of different speech acts under the following 5 categories: Declarations, assertives, expressives, directives , and commissives.