З. И. Вайнштейн Л. С. Плебейская

I. Прочтите данные предложения, обращая внимание на то, чем заме няются модальные глаголы. Запомните эти заменители-эквиваленты:

1. 
   Не can do this work. = Не could do this work. =
   

Б. He may do this work. =

2. 
   He must do this work. = ¹
   

He is able to do this work.
He was able to do this work.
He will be able to do this work. He is allowed to do this work.
He will be allowed to do this work He has to do this work.
He had to do this work.
He will have to do this work.

1. Чем могут быть заменены модальные глаголы can, may, must?

2. 
   Как изменяются эквиваленты по временам? 3. Как строятся отрицательная и вопросительная формы при эквиваленте to have to?
   

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2. 
   Поставьте сказуемые в будущем времени (письменно):
   

1. The scientist can prove his investigations. 2. The patient may walk.

3. 
   The nurse must feed the infant.
   

2. 
   Поставьте предложения в отрицательной, а затем в вопросительной форме (письменно):
   

1. The patient was able to fall asleep after taking the medicine. 2. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations. 3. The fifth- year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.

2. 
   Напишите сложные слова путем сочетания неопределенных местоимений some, any, no, every со словами thing, body (one), where. Переведите их и проверьте себя по табл. 9 (с. 275).
   
3. 
   Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
   

1. “Somebody has just come to see you,” said the nurse. 2. Something new has been found out during this experiment. 3. We shall go somewhere on Sunday. 4. Have you discovered anything new during the examination?

2. 
   Has the doctor seen anybody already? 6. Did you go anywhere last summer? 7. The scientist did not observe anything new. 8. My friend did not see anybody there. 9. Someone must count the number of the red blood cells.
   

10. 
    Has anyone already accomplished the research work? 11. Nobody was discharged from the hospital yesterday. 12. Nothing interesting was proved. 13. He could find this book nowhere.
    

VI*. Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите предложения:
1. (Все) understood well the significance of this problem. 2. (Никто) felt tiredness after a long walk. 3. Can you see (что-нибудь) on the lateral surface of the right lower extremity? 4. Does the pain spread (куда-нибудь) when you breathe in? 5. There is (ничего) new about the process of inhibition in the report.

7. 
   1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите: а) незнакомые слова (выучите их); б) предложения с заменителями модальных глаголов и в) предложения с производными от неопределенных местоимений. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
   

чтобы доказать это явление; во много раз меньше, чем; немногим более 70 лет тому назад.

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Text C. The Founder of Virology
Dmitry Iosiphovitch Ivanovsky, a prominent Russian scientist, was born in 1864. In 1888 he graduated from Petersburg University and began to study the physiology of plants and microbiology.
When D.I. Ivanovsky was investigating the tobacco mosaic disease (мозаичная болезнь табака), he was able to come to the conclusion that this disease occurred due to a microscopic agent many times smaller than bacteria.
To prove this phenomenon D.I. Ivanovsky had to make many experiments on various plants. He had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through a fine filter which could catch the smallest bacteria. At that time a little over 70 years ago everybody considered that bacteria were the smallest living organisms. But when D. I. Ivanovsky had completed to pass the juice through a fine filter, he was able to come to the conclusion that the living organisms smaller than bacteria existed in the environment, because when he introduced the filtrate of the diseased plants to healthy ones they became infected.
Before D.I. Ivanovsky nobody had been able to prove the existence of viruses. Dmitry Iosiphovitch Ivanovsky was the first scientist who was able t,o establish the new branch of microbiology — virology.

7. 
   Выучите следующие слова. Предложения переведите:
   

wound [wu:nd] а рана, ранение. There was a large and deep wound on the lateral surface of the leg.
throaf [Graut] n горло; to have a sore throat иметь больное горло; to gargle one’s throat полоскать горло. The doctor revealed redness in the patient’s throat. He has a sore throat.
property ['prnpati] n свойство. The main property of phagocytes is to destroy the invading microbes.
mucus ['mju:kas] n слизь. The inner surface of the nose is covered with mucus.
pathogenic ^раевэ'фешк] а патогенный, болезнетворный. Pathogenic microorganisms produce different diseases. *
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. 
   Instead of the modal verbs use the equivalents in the proper tense:
   

1. The doctor must determine the origin of the disease for its successful treatment. 2. The doctor could reveal the consolidation in the lung by the X-ray examination. 3. The scientist can observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope. 4. The doctor says that this patient may sit up.

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7. 
   Put the predicates into the Past Tense:
   

l. The infant must move as much as possible for the proper development of the body. 2. In this patient the proper functions of the heart can be impaired due to the grippe. 3. During work one must give rest to the organism (particularly to the brain and the eyes) every hour or half an hour. 4. His constant tiredness may impair his heart.

7. 
   Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
   

1. The researcher had to include various significant findings of his observations into the report. 2. At present the surgeon has to extend his investigations to make a proper conclusion. 3. We have to increase the amount of food given to this patient.

7. 
   Put general questions to the following sentences making other necessary changes:
   

1. Somebody wanted to speak to the doctor about the condition of patient Smirnov. 2. The boy has impaired something in his abdomen when he fell down. 3. Someone will have to describe the course of this patient’s disease.

3. 
   Everyone knows that phagocytes destroy microorganisms.
   

7. 
   Translate the following sentences:
   

1. Все знают, что микроорганизмы размножаются делением.

2. 
   Долгое время Кох нигде не мог обнаружить бактерии холеры.
   
3. 
   До Везалия никто не моғ точно определить строение сердца человека. 4. Должен ли был исследователь доказать что-то новое этим опытом? 5. Всем известно, что температура тела бывает наиболее низкой утром и наиболее высокой в ранние вечерние часы.
   

7. 
   Read the pairs of sentences and choose those corresponding to Text C:
   

1. a) Ivanovsky began to study various diseases of plants, b) Ivanovsky began to study the physiology of plants and microbiology. 2. a) Tobacco mosaic disease occurred due to viruses, b) Tobacco mosaic disease did not occur due to bacteria. 3. a) Ivanovsky had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through oxygenated fluid, b) Ivanovsky had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through a fine filter.

7. 
   Read and entitle Text D. Describe how bacteria invade the organism.
   

Text D
If there are no wounds on the skin, no bacteria can invade it. But if any smallest wound exists then bacteria can pass into the tissue. The thin mem

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branes about the eye, in the nose and throat have less protective properties against bacterial invasion and infection may often develop in these points.
The way by which a microorganism enters the human body is an important factor to determine the occurrence of any disease. Certain bacteria can persist and develop in the human body only coming into contact with the respiratory tract, others through contact with the mucus of the intestines.
The skin and mucus membranes of the body have a large number of bacteria, some of them are highly pathogenic in a favourable environment. The spread of these bacteria is controlled by the skin and phagocytes fighting against the invaders.

I. В следующих предложениях обратите внимание на случаи упо требления глагола to be. Ответьте на вопросы: