Yusupov Oybek Nematjonovich Ahmedova Nigora Shavkatovna

observer-author
, the story is a scene or a series of scenes, 
narrated by an onlooker who does not interfere for any comments or reflections of 
these events. The main focus of interest is the study of actions and events. The 
advantage of this narrative method is that the observer-author lets the reader see, hear, 
and judge the characters and their actions for himself. He stimulates the reader to 
form his own impression and make his own judgments. 
Stories told by the observer-author may be presented in either of the following 
two forms: (1) the dramatic, or (2) the pictorial form. 
A story is said to have a dramatic form, when one scene follows another and 
the characters act and speak as in drama. (In drama nobody comments and explains 
the scenes, they appear). 
Arrangement in Black and White 
by D.Parker and 
The 
Killers 
by E.Hemingway serve as examples. 
A story is considered to have pictorial form, when the observer-author pictures 
the scenes, but he tells of what anyone might see and hear in his position without 
entering into, the minds of any of the characters, without analyzing their motives. 
(Indian Camp 
by E. Hemingway illustrates the pictorial form of presentation). 
In one and the same story the author may vary the narrative method, 
sometimes giving us one character’s version of events (or point of view) and 
sometimes that of another, sometimes assuming omniscience and sometimes 
narrating as an onlooker. 
Thus in
The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber 
when describing a lion 
hunt Hemingway lets the reader see things through the eyes of the lion, whereas the 
events preceding Macomber’s death are given through the perception of Macomber 
himself. There are, therefore, several shifts in the point of view. 
The narrative method determines