Xorijiy tillar fakulteti fakultetlararo xorijiy tillar kafedrasi

Form of Past Perfect Simple

	Positive	Negative	Question
no differences	I had spoken.	I had not spoken.	Had I spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed	Example
after final e, only add d	love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

Use of Past Perfect

• 
  action taking place before a certain time in the past
  (putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
  

Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

• 
  Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)
  

Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.

Signal Words

• 
  already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with reference to the past, not the present)
  
• 
  If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, …)
  

Use

We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.

Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?

Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had happened before/up to a certain time in the past?

Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
some time in the past Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went to the zoo.	before/up to a certain time in the past Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo.

*Note: "After" is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject + verb, meaning that one action had been completed before another action began (the new action is in Simple Past).

After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.
However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is therefore in Simple Past.
After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.