Учебное пособие в систематизированном виде содержит необходимые для изучения курса лексикологии английского языка вспомогательные материалы: планы семинаров, определения основных понятий и терминов на английском и русском языках, темы курсовых

Linguistic analogy is found out when one of the members of a synonymic set acquires a new meaning and the other members of this set change their meanings in the same way. When the verb catch acquired another meaning - “to understand”, the verbs synonymous with it (e.g. grasp, get, etc.) got the same meaning.
Metaphor is transference of meaning based on similarity between two dissimilar objects (e.g. the neck of a bottle).
Metonymy is semantic process based on contiguity, i.e. in association of two referents, which are connected in reality (e.g. I love Tsvetaeva).
NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE
Similarity*ofmeanings ContiguityoTmeanings
METAPHOR METONYMY
Specialisation (narrowing, restriction) of meaning is the transition from a wide, generalised meaning to a more concrete, specific one (e.g. deer - OE deor ‘wildbeast’). It involves an increase of information conveyed, since a changed word is applicable to fewer situations but tells us more about the referent. Specialization of meaning takes place in the denotative component of the lexical meaning. Cabaret originally meant “a booth; a shed”, later it was applied to a small drinking place. Today it signifies a certain type of nightclub.
Generalisation (broadening, extension, widening) of meaning is the transition from a concrete meaning to an abstract one (e.g. ready - OE ridan ‘to ride’). It increases the number of contexts in which a word can be used, although reducing the amount of information conveyed about the referent. Generalization of meaning takes place in the denotative component of the lexical meaning. Fly originally meant “to move through the air with wings”. Now it implies any kind of movement in the air or outer space and also very quick movement in any medium.
Pejoration [,pi:d39'reijn] (degradation, deterioration [di₁ti:ri9^,reij'n], worsening) of meaning is a downward move in evaluative attitude, the acquisi­tion by a word of some derogatory emotive charge. It is frequently due to social prejudice. Pejorative development takes place in the connotative component of the lexical meaning. (e.g. a knave - OE knafa ‘boy’).