Designing Sound

Lightning:
Multiple cloud-to-ground lightning strokes at night.
Public domain photo. Image ID: nssl0010.
NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory.
Photographer: C. Clark.
Water splash:
Water drop forming a “crown.”
Copyright Professor Andrew Davidhazy, with permission.
Rochester Institute of Technology, Department of Imaging and Photo-
graphic Technology.
Fire:
Gas flames. Courtesy Steven Kreuzer via burningwell.org.

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Index
Aberration, 67
Absence, 97
Absorption, 16, 61
Abstraction, 196
edit, 197
instance, 196
parameters, 197
scope and $0, 196
Acceleration
of human running, 549
of vehicle, 509
Accleration
angular, limit, 527
Accumulator, message, 179
Acousmatic (audio-visual), 97
Acoustic, 55
exterior, 69
intensity, 59
room, 67
Actuator, 485
Adiabatic index, 55
Alarm sound, 347
Allocation
random, 426
round robin, 426
Ambient keypoint, 521
Amplitude, 20
constant, compensator, 539
Amusia, 93
Analog, 32
mobility, 32
network, 32
Analysis
autocorrelation, 643
component, 106
formant, 642
Fourier, 268
requirements, 247
Anechoic chamber, 593
Anti-node, 71
Aperiodic, 39
Archimedes’ Principle, 420
Arcing, electric, 457
Array
Pure Data, 161
Articulation, speech, 581
Asynchrony (audio-visual), 96
Attack (envelope), 89
Attention, 96
Attenuation, 58
geometric, 60
inverse square, 60
thermoviscous, 61
Audio
effect,
see
Effect
Audio-visual contract, 97
Auditory scene analysis, 99
Auditory scene, wind composite, 474
Axle, 499
Backfire, 508
Ball, foot, 549
Balloon, 41
Bandpass, 215
Bandwidth, 52
Bark scale, 83
Bearing, 499
Beeps, 333
Behaviour
animal, 547
Bell, material, 368
Bell, shape, 368
Bell, size, 368
Bennet-Clarke, insects, 559
Bernoulli principle, 41
Bias
encoding period, 103
framing, 104
positional, 103
switch, 485

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650
Index
Bilinear exponential distribution, 433
Binaural
beat entrainment, 109
Binaural pitch, 86
Biomechanics, 547
Birds, 571
Bistable
walking model, 550
Blade slap, helicopter, 533
Blade, number (fan), 518
Blast wind, 607
Block, 128
engine, 509
Pure Data, 185
Boiling, 409
Bouncing, 383
Boundary, 25
discontinuity, 28
layer, 67, 70, 472
loss, 66
modulus, 25
occlusion, 28
phase, 26
reflection, 26
refraction, 28
solid, 26
Breakpoint
variable triangle, 538
Brightness, 88
Bronchial passage, modulation, 573
Brush
cymbal, 629
motor, 499
Bubbles, 419
Buffer, 128
Bulk modulus, 13
Bumping, 392
Burtt, Ben, 635
Buzzer, electromagnetic, 367
Call
mating, 557
warning, 557
Canvas, 152
create, 155
Capacitance, 34
Carrier, 291, 296
Cars, 507
Cavitation, 421, 452
Cavity
syringial, avian, 572
water sound, 431
Channel strip, 219
Chaos, 70
Chassis, vehicle, 509
Chatter, switch, 485
Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich
(polynomials), 285
Chirp, insect, 560
Cicada, 560
Classification, 95
Clavical sac, 572
Click
clock tick, 493
plastic, 489
sequence, 489
switch, 488
Clock, 491
clockwork, 491
Closed form, 271
Coefficient
acoustic absorption, 69
Coherence, 58
perceptual, 102
Cold inlet, 165
Collective, control helicopter, 530
Collision
rigid body, 383
Combustion, 409
Combustion chamber, 523
Communication
animal, 557
Communication, mammals, 579
Commutator, 499
Complex harmonic oscillator, 48
Composite, 409
Compressibility, 13
water, 419
Conflagration, 608
Connection
audio fanning, 186
merging message, 167

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Index
651
Connection, programming, 152
Consonance, 86
local, 87
Continuity, 101
homophonic, 101
Control data, arrays, 575
Control signal, 547
Control, of lungs in birds, 571
Convection, 410
Conversion
analog to digital, 122
digital to analog, 121
Cook, Perry, 440
footstep model, 556
Cords, vocal, 580
Correlation, 58
Correspondence (audio-visual), 96
Cosine
raised, 501
Counter, 168
constrained, 179
Coupling, 28
CPU efficiency, 185
Crackles
electric, 453
Crackles, fire, 414
Creaking, 395
Creeping, 548
Cricket sound, plectrum, 558
Critical band, 83
Crossfader, 224
Cubic difference tones, 78
Current, 451
alternating, 451
Curve
GRF (ground response force), 549
overpressure, 607
Cyclic, control helicopter, 530
Cylinder, engine, 507
Damping, of bell, 369
Data reduction, 363
Dataflow, programming, 152
Dead zone, 56
Debounce, switch, 485
Decay (envelope), 90
Decibel, 58
Decoupling, 259, 547
Deflagration, 608
Delay cascade, 182
Demultiplexer, 224
Density, 15
air, 419
Depth first, 153
Depth, of liquid, 430
Detonation, 608
Dielectric, 452
Differential threshold (hearing), 83
Differentiation
in fluid sounds, 433
Diffraction, 64
Fraunhofer, 64
Huygen, 64
thunder, 461
Diffusion, 65
Digital
signal processing, 123
Dime, 499
Dipole, 56
Discrimination, 93
Disintegration, 410
Dispersion, 63
thunder, 460
Displacement
graph, 120
Dissonance, 86
Distribution
Gaussian, 475
normal, 443
Poisson, 446
Doom tone, 87
Doppler, 67
fan blade, 518
Downdraft, 531
DTMF tones, 337, 343
Duifhuis effect, 97
Duty cycle, 333
Dynamic range, 121
Ear
basilar membrane,
77

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652
Index
cochlea, 77
human, 77
Echo
flutter, 67
slapback, 67
Eddy, 70
Edge effect, 86
Edge noise, helicopter, 533
Edge roll, foot, 554
Editor, audio, 148
Effect
Bernoulli, 580
chorus, 232
Fletcher Munsen, 446
fluid hammer, 607
ground, helicopter, 531
reverberation, 233
secondary (explosion), 610
Efficiency
petrol engine, 508
Elasticity, 13
Electricity, 451
corona streamers, 452
Electromagnet
motor, 499
Electromagnetism, 452
Encapsulation, 259
End correction, 73
Energetic maintenance, 90
Energy, 9
decay, 31
decay, bouncing, 384
degree of freedom, 10
entropy, heat, 31
equipartition, 18
flow, 10
Joule, 9
kinetic, 9
kinetic, of bullet, 594
potential, 9
sources, 10
thermodynamics, 10
Engine
four stroke, 512
internal combustion, 507
jet, 523
model, 510
parts, 508
two stroke, 508
Entrainment, in liquids, 442
Envelope, 89, 139
breakpoint, 268
curve, 210
quartic, 456
vline object, 189
Escapement
clock, 491
Harrison, 491
Verge, 491
Event, driven system, 152
Excitation, 12
bubble, 421
excitor-resonator, 12
firearm body, 594
Exothermic, 409
Expansion
air, 459
Explosion, 410, 607
boiler, 607
brissance, 607
duration, 607
overpressure, 607
propellant, 607
shockwave, 611
Expression, 213, 433
Extent, 409
homogenous, 429
External, Pure Data, 152
Factoring
causality, 416
Fader
log law, 220
MIDI, 220
smooth, 221
Fan, 517
Fant, vocal tract, 581
Fast square root, 443
Few, thunder, 465
Field cricket, 558
File
audio, loop, 227

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Index
653
audio, reader/writer, 226
textfile, 231
Filter
comb, 454, 468
formant bank, 454
Fire, 409
sound features, 412
Firearm
AK47, 601
Automatic, 602
barrel, 598
calibre, 593
construction, 593
cordite, 594
deflagration, 594
identification (from sound), 601
M16, 601
magazine, 593
Muzzle brake, 601
primer, 594
reload sounds, 602
rifle, 593
shell, detonation, 594
shockwave, 595
signature list, 597
stock, 593
Suppression, 601
Fitch, mammalian vocal tract, 588
Fizz
electric, 453
Flag
flapping, 473
Flame, 410
forced, 526
oscillation, 410
Flameout, 523
Fletcher, bird synthesis, 573
Flow, 33
air laminar, 70
laminar, 430
Fluid
electricity as, 451
Flux density
rainfall, 441
FM
bandwidth, Carson’s rule, 301
Foldover, 303
Foley, 547
Footsteps, 547
Force, 9, 11
buildup of, 399
dynamic equilibrium, 18
equilibrium, 9
exchange, 18
ground response, 547
Newton, 11
Formant
hearing, 88
Fragmentation, 612
Freedom, degrees of, 12
Frequency, 23
angular, 40
equation, 23
hum, electricity, 452
negative, 301
of bubble, 422
perception, 83
resolution (hearing), 85
response, 53
rotor, helicopter, 532
spinning object, 39
voice, human male/female, 580
Friction, 366, 387
creaking, 395
kinetic, 396
loss, 504
magazine slide, 603
static, 396
stick, 395
stick-slip model, 395
Friction, slip, 387
Full scale deflection, 121
Function
Bessel, 300
Bessel, sphere, 384
non-linear, transfer, 283
sinesum, 279
Fuselage, aircraft, 532
Fuselage, resonances, 534
Gabor, 292, 305
Gabor limit, 91, 415, 446

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654
Index
Galileo, clock, 491
Game
acoustic environment, 320
actor, 317
audio engine, 319
audio, bus, 319
audio, controller, 319
audio, localisation, 320
audio, sampled, 318
blending, 319
event randomisation, 319
events, 318
keypoint actors, 320
logic, 317
movers, platforms, 317
network replication, 320
relevance, 317
stage, level, 317
switching, scope, 319
VO, dialogue, 320
VO, menu sound, 320
world, 316
Gas
burning ball, explosion, 610
impingement, cycling, 595
molar constant, 55
Gearbox, 530
GEM, 149
Gestalt
phi phenomenon, 93
Glitch, dropout, 185
Glottis, 579
cat, 580
dog, 580
Granularity, 89
Graph
traversal, DSP, 153
Graph On Parent, 199
Gravel, crunch texture, 554
Greens function, 441
Gridflow, 149
Grommet, damping, 501
Ground effect, 66
GUI
graph, 161
interface design, 259
message box, 160
number, 159
send symbol, 344
slider, 159
symbol, 161
toggle, 159
Guns,
see
Firearm
Handling noise, 618
Hardness, 17
Harmonic
group, 371
series of common waveforms, 274
Harmonicity, 100
Harmony, 87
Head response transfer function, 80
Hearing
Distance perception, 80
fatigue, 83
frequency range, 78
localisation, 79
loudness, 81
non-linearity, 78
Source identification, 81
threshold, 78
Heating
of air, expansion, 452
Heel, foot, 549
Helicopter, 529
Chinook, 529
Cornu, 529
Focke-Wulf, 529
Froude, 542
Oehmichen, 529
Rankine, 542
Helicopter, historical development, 529
Helmholtz oscillator, 73
Helmholtz resonator, 423
Hertz, 39
Highpass, 215
Hirsh limit, 91
Hissing, 524
Hissing, fire, 413
Horn, siren, 358
Hot inlet, 165
House fly, 559

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