. . . . . . . . . . .
<
http://mitpress.mit.edu/designingsound/
footsteps.html
>
Conclusions
Footsteps are more than simple clonks; they are complex patterns generated
by an elaborate biomechanical process involving different muscles and different
parts of the foot, and they change according to the behaviour of the actor.
We can model them using curve generators that approximate the force on the
ground and the way this force changes in different circumstances.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Design a texture generator for soft earth, dry grass, or other surfaces. Exper-
iment with crossfading between different layers of textures so that the player
556
Footsteps
can move across dry earth, then earth with grass, then earth with small stones,
and so on.
Exercise 2
Replace the human foot GRF with a single pressure pulse generator, but then
modify the overlapping multiphase timebase to create the patterns for a four-
legged creature like a horse. Work out how to generate trotting, cantering, and
galloping patterns for the animal.
References
Adamczyk, P. G., Collins, S. H., and Kuo, A. D. (2006). “The advantages of a
rolling foot in human walking.”
J. Exp. Biol.
209: 3953–3963.
Cook, P. (2002). “Walking synthesis: A complete system.” In
Real Sound Syn-
thesis for Interactive Applications
, chapter 15, pp. 191–200. A. K. Peters.
D’Aout, K. “Study of the locomotion of the bonobo (Pan paniscus): A model
for the evolutionary origin of human bipedalism.”
<
http://webh01.ua.ac.be/
funmorph/Bipedalism
>
D’Ao˘
ut, K., Vareecke, E., Schoonaert, K., Declercq, D., Van Elsacker, L., and
Aertt, P. (2004). “Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): Differences and simi-
larities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison
with other locomotor modes.”
J. Ana.
204(5): 353–361.
Mehta, C. (2006). “Real-time Synthesis of Footfall Sounds on Sand and Snow,
and Wood.” (Granular cell based approach.) Thesis.
Vereecke, E. “Comparison of the bipedal locomotion of gibbons, bonobos and
humans.”
<
http://webh01.ua.ac.be/funmorph/evie
>
Willems, P. A., Cavagna, G. A., and Heglund, N. C. (1995). “External, internal,
and total work in human locomotion.”
J. Exp. Biol.
198: 379–393.
50
Practical 27
Insects
Aims
Here we shall examine some sounds made by insects. Many of them are remark-
ably simple, others are more difficult to model. Diversity arises from the multi-
tude of ways insects make noises. Some are pure tones, high-pitched or nearly
ultrasonic whistles. Others are frictional sounds of tiny hairs or other body
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