http://mitpress.mit.edu/designingsound/
cars.html
>
Conclusions
A wide range of car and truck engine sounds are obtainable from this patch.
Modifying the number of cylinders could allow motorbikes or chainsaws to be
modelled, though the resonant behaviour of a two-stroke engine needs further
analysis. An engine sound can be represented as a series of excitations hap-
pening as a consequence of an explosion, starting in the engine cylinder and
ending with radiation from a number of parts. A network of variable delays and
feedback loops gives us a way to model the propagation and resonance of these
pulses.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Research the more interesting role of the exhaust resonance in a two-stroke
motorcycle engine. Why is a motorbike with a smaller capacity engine louder
than a car, even if it has a silencer?
Exercise 2
Model some other elements of a large engine, such as the mechanical transmis-
sion. Pick an example to model; maybe try to make the chugging sound of a
ship engine room or an eight-cylinder propeller plane engine.
46
Practical 23
Fans
Aims
Let’s now consider a rotating air fan. This study of spinning object sounds will
also be useful for ventilation noises, helicopters, propeller planes, and bullet
ricochets, while the principles of turbulence caused by an edge cutting the air
will be helpful for sword swishes.
Analysis
A typical fan or propeller consists of several equally spaced and sized blades
fixed to a central node that is rotated by an angular force. Domestic ventilation
fans are usually driven by an electric motor, whereas helicopters and propeller
planes employ an engine. The purpose of the device is to turn mechanical
rotational energy into fluid movement, which is achieved by having the blades
angled so their sideways motion creates an inclined plane forcing the fluid in a
direction perpendicular to it. The differences between a fan, a propeller, and a
turbine are in their utility. A fan is used to move air, a propeller to move the
object attached to it, and a turbine to turn fluid motion to rotational energy.
Sounds produced are largely unaffected by these purposes.
Recall that spinning objects are one of the simplest physical sources of
sound. As long as the object is irregular, or does not have a perfectly smooth
surface, there will be perturbations of the surrounding air at the same frequency
as the angular motion of the object. Yet the sound of a fan is not a sinusoid;
it is much more like a noisy source, and some distance in front of a typical
ventilation fan we perceive a more or less steady airstream. So, how does the
sound we actually hear relate to the physics of the fan?
Model
In figure 46.1 you see a front view of an eight-bladed fan. In some respects it is
a regular, rather than irregular object. If we were to add more blades, it would,
in the limit, become a disc, and spinning it would make almost no sound. You
will notice that fans with many blades are generally quieter. But here we have
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