Inertia for a Four-Cylinder Engine
engine-speed
Figure 45.4
Slugging speed.
In figure 45.4 you can see an instance of a four-
cylinder engine, which we will build next. Notice
that it has four outlets, one for each cylinder. This
implies that it’s not a finished design; we’re just
summing the four sources to get an idea of how it
works. Depending on the design we might like to
route these four sources through different waveg-
uides, which we will do later. Looking at the input,
the engine is driven by an external
whose
frequency control is low-pass filtered. This gives
us an important effect you should incorporate into
all engine designs: inertia. Mechanical systems can
512
Cars
seed up and slow down at a limited rate, and can sound wrong if you change
speed too quickly. A top speed of 40Hz corresponds to 2400
RP M
, but since
there are four cylinders you will hear pulses at 160Hz for top speed.
Building the Four-Stroke Engine
The arrangement shown in figure 45.5 looks quite complicated, but it isn’t
really. It’s just four copies of the same process in parallel but shifted in phase.
Each cylinder pulse is obtained from a familiar 1
/
(1 +
kx
2
) shaper (along the
Figure 45.5
A four-cylinder engine.
bottom row), fed with a cosinusoidal wave. By subtracting 0
.
75, which cor-
responds to 3
/
4 of a cycle from the first, then 0
.
5 for a half-cycle shift from
the second, and so forth, then taking the cosine of these shifted signals, we
obtain four cosinusoidal phases from the same phasor. One interesting thing
that makes the patch work is the addition of timing and pulse width jitter. A
noise source (top right) filtered to around 20Hz is fed to two delay lines in dif-
ferent proportions. Delay-read operations spaced 5ms apart produce the effect
of a fuel and air stream that feeds each cylinder in succession, so any jitter
pattern is copied across the cylinders in a wave, giving a quite realistic result.
One set of delay-read objects adds some noise to the pulse width, and another
to the firing timing. These only need to be small values to create a subtle effect.
Another thing to note is that we modify the pulse width as a function of speed.
At low speeds the pulse width is narrower and so contains more harmonics, but
as the engine seeds up the pulse width widens. This avoids the engine sounding
too harsh at high speeds where aliasing might occur, and it mimics the low-pass
effect of the exhaust impedance.
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