What Is Project Management?

Gantt Chart Definition

A Gantt chart is a stacked bar chart that contains project tasks on a vertical axis and timelines that represent task duration on a horizontal axis. Summary elements, task dependency relationships and milestones in the project schedule are all depicted. The Gantt chart is named after Henry Gantt who popularized this project management chart in the early 20th century.
To better understand this definition, take a close look at this sample Gantt chart below. It was created with a Gantt chart maker.

Task 2: You work for a computer games company. Your manager has asked you to prepare a rough plan for a new project: a website to advertise a new computer game. Develop a Guannt chart for this Project

Tasks	Weeks
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15

2. COMPUTER OUTPUT DEVICES


Task 1: Prepare a PPT (PowerPoint presentation) either using the given material or additional sources

8 Examples of Output Devices in Real Life

A device is said to be an output device if it takes the electronic data from the computer and translates it into a form that is easily understandable to the user. In simple words, output devices receive information from the computer and convert it into a format that is desired by the user.

Types of Output Devices

A hardware device is capable of building a visible, audible, interpretable or physically accessible result. On the basis of these, different types of output devices are obtained. Output devices may be broadly classified into 4 categories:

1. Monitor

The monitor is an example of a visual output device. It takes the electronic signal from the processor and displays it on the screen. It is also known as the visual display unit. It provides a user-friendly interface to access the information from the computer.

2. Projector

The projector, as the name suggests, projects the data on a big surface or screen. A projector is a visual device that makes use of a technique under which light is flashed through a lens and enlarged impressions are created on the screen. However, modern projectors employ laser beams to generate pictures.

3. Video Card

Yet another example of visual output devices is a video card. Most computers have built-in video display ability. But, for enhancing the quality of graphics, this external peripheral device can be used. The video card allows the computer to convey video or graphical messages to the user with improved clarity. If you ask gamers, they will certainly know the importance of a video card.

4. GPS

Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system that makes use of radio signals to locate a particular location. The sender transmits a radio signal to satellites, the satellites collect information regarding time, location, speed, etc., and send it to the receiver computer for processing. This processed data can be interpreted to get the information, and therefore, belongs to the set of data output devices.

5. Printer

A printer is an externally connected peripheral device that is used to provide a hard-copy output to the user. When a command is given to the computer, the processor reciprocates it and finally, the result is obtained in the form of a printed document that is physically accessible.

6. Braille Reader 

Braille reader is a print output device, which is connected to the computer from the outside. It consists of a board on which braille alphabets are grooved. The grooving is done so that the alphabets can pop up whenever they are required. When a text is displayed on the monitor, it gets transmitted to the braille reader. The electrical signal from the computer gets the characters in use to bump out. Hence, enabling the visually impaired to have a pleasant experience of reading.

A braille reader attached to a computer

7. Speaker/Headphones

Speakers transform the electrical signal into vibrations. These vibrations, when pressed against the speaker’s diaphragm, produce sound. Also, speakers consist of a series of amplifiers that resonate at different frequencies, providing a significant strength to the signal, which is why a loud sound is heard. Likewise, in headphones, the electrical current running through the headphone wire gets linked to the permanent magnet present inside the bud. As a result, the air is pushed against its diaphragm. Therefore, the sound is produced.

8. Sound Card

Sound cards are responsible for the sound you hear when you play music on your laptop or computer. It is also known as an expansion card, which means one can configure the sound card as per their requirement. The sound card acts as a mediating element between the computer and the speaker. In absence of the sound card, the speaker would not be able to translate the computer data into sound energy. Since a sound card takes binary data input from the computer processor and produces sound, it is best suited under the sound output device category.
3. MY FIRST COMPUTER


Task 1. Read and give annotation of the text in 10 sentences in your own language

I BM started in the late nineteenth century as manufacturer of electromechanical office tabulating equipment: the company took its current name in 1924. It financed one of the first digital computers, a clacking electromechanical monster known as Mark I, in 1943. IBM’s first president Thomas Watson, Sr., commissioned the project, possibly as an expensive publicity stunt – research, advertising, and publicity – all came out of the same budget in those days. IBM did not immediately enter the computer business after the war and did not deliver its first computer until 1953. In 1954 IBM was only the fourth-ranked computer producer, well behind computer industry pioneer – Radio Corporation of America (RCA). That year IBM introduced the Model 650, the first computer to utilize punch-card technology.

Over the next decades, IBM made heavy investments in research and development under Thomas Watson, Jr., who took over from his father as IBM president in the mis-1950s. IBM capitalized on its manufacturing expertise to produce a full line of peripheral equipment: printers terminals, keypunch machines and card sorters that brought enormous profits for IBM and unbeatable competition for other computer manufacturers.
By the mid-1950s, IBM threatened to dominate the entire computer industry with its fast-selling Model 650. IBM also offered its computers for sale for the first time instead of renting them as it previously had insisted. This allowed leasing companies to buy computer equipment from IBM and then rent it to computer users at prices lower than IBM itself could charge. These changes opened up competition in the computer services and equipment leasing markets.
In April 1964 IBM introduced the Model 360, the first computer that came in a variety of sizes and that was compatible with many different applications. Software and peripheral devices that worked on any one of the versions also worked on the others and were also “backward compatible” with earlier IBM models. Before, users had to start over with entirely new software, printers, and terminals and so on, whenever they switched to a larger computer or added a new application. The Model 360 and its successor, the Model 370, led the company to dominance of both U.S and international markets.
IBM’s enormous success with room-sized mainframe computers eventually proved its undoing. It made unsuccessful entries into many of the specialized computer markets that later emerged. IBM abandoned the high-performance supercomputer market in the 1960s, and it entirely missed the minicomputer trend, pioneered in the early 1960s by Digital Equipment Corporation.
By the time IBM came out with its own models, minicomputers were about to be made obsolete by another new product that IBM ultimately failed to capitalize on the desktop-sized personal computer.
Notes:
Unbeatable competition – непреодолимая конкуренция / yengib bo’lmas raqobat
To charge a price – назначать цену / narxni belgilash
Backward compatible – обратно совместимый / qayta moslashuv
To be about to… - начинать / boshlamoq
To make entry – вступать / kirishmoq


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