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particular species living there



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particular species living there.
24 
It is important to concentrate on the causes of an animal’s extinction.
25 A species brought back from extinction could have an important beneficial impact 
on the vegetation of its habitat.
26 
Our current efforts at preserving biodiversity are insufficient.
Q ue stion s 2 3 -2 6
Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list o f people below.
List of People
A
Ben Novak
В
Michael Archer
С
Beth Shapiro

О p. 122
43


Test 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Having a laugh
The findings ofpsychological scientists reveal the importance o f humour
Humans start developing a sense o f hum our as early as six weeks old, w hen babies begin to laugh 
and smile in response to stimuli. Laughter is universal across all hum an cultures and even exists 
in some form in rats, chim ps, and bonobos. Like other human em otions and expressions, laughter 
and humour provide psychological scientists w ith rich resources for studying hum an psychology, 
ranging from the developm ent o f language to the neuroscience o f social perception.
Theories focusing on the evolution o f laughter point to it as an im portant adaptation for social 
communication. Take, for example, the recorded laughter in TV com edy shows. Back in 1950,
US sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with the unpredictable laughter o f live 
audiences, so started recording his own ‘laugh tracks’. These were intended to help people at 
home feel like they were in a social situation, such as a crowded theatre. D ouglass even recorded 
various types o f laughter, as well as m ixtures o f laughter from m en, women, and children. In 
doing so, he picked up on a quality o f laughter that is now interesting researchers: a simple ‘h ah a5 
communicates a rem arkable am ount o f socially relevant information.
In one study conducted in 2016, samples o f laughter from pairs o f English-speaking students 
were recorded at the University o f California, Santa Cruz. A team m ade up o f m ore than 30 
psychological scientists, anthropologists, and biologists then played these recordings to listeners 
from 24 diverse societies, from indigenous tribes in N ew G uinea to city-dwellers in India and 
Europe. Participants were asked w hether they thought the people laughing were friends or 
strangers. On average, the results were remarkably consistent: worldwide, peo p le’s guesses were 
correct approxim ately 60% o f the time.
Researchers have also found that different types o f laughter serve as codes to com plex human 
social hierarchies. A team led by Christopher Oveis from the University o f California, San 
Diego, found that high-status individuals had different laughs from low-status individuals, and 
that strangers’judgem ents o f an individual’s social status were influenced by the dom inant or 
submissive quality o f their laughter. In their study, 48 male college students were randomly 
assigned to groups o f four, with each group com posed o f two low-status m em bers, who had ju st 
joined their college fraternity group, and two high-status members, older students who had been 
active in the fraternity for at least two years. Laughter was recorded as each student took a turn 
at being teased by the others, involving the use o f mildly insulting nicknam es. A nalysis revealed 
that, as expected, high-status individuals produced m ore dom inant laughs and fewer submissive 
laughs relative to the low-status individuals. M eanwhile, low-status individuals were m ore likely 
to change their laughter based on their position o f power; that is, the new com ers produced more

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