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Voiced Consonants vs. Voiceless Consonants
A voiced consonant (or sound) means that it uses the vocal cords and they produce a vibration or humming sound in the throat when they are said. Put your finger on your throat and then pronounce the letter L. You will notice a slight vibration in your neck / throat. That is because it is a voiced sound.
A voiceless sound (sometimes called an unvoiced sound) is when there is no vibration in your throat and the sound comes from the mouth area. Pronounce the letter P. You will notice how it comes from your mouth (in fact near your lips at the front of your mouth). The P sound doesn't come from your throat.
Try this with the other letters and you will "feel" the difference between a voiced and a voiceless consonant (or sound).
Now we know the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds we can look at the following rules for the correct pronunciation of ED in English:
1. The /id/ sound
If the last letter of the word is spelled with D or T, the ED is pronounced as a separate syllable with an /id/ sound (it rhymes with kid and lid).
wanted (sounds like "want-id")
waited
needed
folded
2. The /t/ sound
If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the ED is pronounced as a T. Be careful not to create an extra syllable or "id" sound.
talked (sounds like "talkt")
kissed (the S sound comes from the front of mouth so it would sound like "kisst")
parked
helped
NOTE: As an example, with the word "helped", if you say "help-id" as a two syllable word, then it is very likely that people will NOT understand the word or what you are saying. (It is pronounced like "helpt")
When I teach -ed endings I tell the students that there are three ways to pronounce it:
/t/ (when the preceding sound is unvoiced, e.g. matched)
/d/ (when the preceding sound is voiced, e.g. played)
/ɪd/ (when the preceding sound is /t/ or /d/, e.g. hated)
However when I demonstrate this to students with the word phoned, I aspirate the final sound. To me it sounds more like a /t/ than a /d/. If I try to make a clear /d/ sound, it sounds unnatural and forced.
Everything I've found says I should be pronouncing it with a /d/, but that's just not what I actually say. Is my pronunciation idiosyncratic, or is this common? (I'm from the south of England.) If it's common, what implications does that have for the way we understand and teach this pronunciation point?
Note
If the word following this begins with a vowel sound, and we link them, for example, phoned a lot of people, the final sound of phoned is clearly a /d/: /fəʊn də.../
3. The /d/ sound
If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the ED is pronounced like a D (without creating another syllable)
played (sounds like "playd")
closed (the S sounds like a vibrating Z so the word would sound like "clozd")
opened
lived
An easy way to remember how to pronounce ED words
The most important thing to remember is that there are two main divisions:
The words that end in T or D
- the ED is pronounced as a syllable /id/
and the REST of the words
- you can pronounce the ED as /t/ and people will understand.
In time you will learn when to pronounce the ED as /t/ or /d/.
Pronunciation of ED Endings
Regular verbs are easy to remember because you just have to add «ed» or «d» at the end of the verb
Want Wanted
Rent Rented
Change Changed
Decide Decided
However the pronunciation of the regular verbs in the past create pronunciation problems for people who are learning English and whose native language doesn’t have those sound combinations.
Pronunciation of Ed Endings Rules
There are 3 different ways of pronouncing -ed at the end of verbs in the past or adjectives.
These are /ɪd/, /d/ or /t/, and it all depends on the last sound of the infinitive form of the verb
Rule #1:
If the verb base ends in a voiceless sound, then the –ed ending sounds like “t”. Voiceless consonants are: p, f, k, s, sh, ch, th
work worked
Drop dropped
finish finished
stop stopped
watch watched
wash washed
talk talked
kiss kissed
park parked
help helped
Rule #2
If the verb base ends in a voiced sound, then the –ed ending sounds like “d”. Voiceless consonats are: b, v, g, z, j, th, l, m, n, r
Move Moved
Stay Stayed
Study Studied
Return Returned
Marry Married
Hope Hoped
Laugh Laughed
Rule #3
If the verb base ends in a “t” or “d” sound already, then the –ed ending sounds like “id”
Start Started
Want Wanted
Visit Visited
Attend Attended
Date Dated
Decide Decided
End Ended
Need Needed
Hate Hated
Date Dated
Seat Seated
Exceptions
The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:
aged dogged ragged blessed learned wicked crooked naked wretched
Simple Past Ending -ed – Test
These are some test that you can take online to make sure that you have fully understood how to pronounce regular verbs in the past
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