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Participants
Enrollment
Participants
Enrollment
1971-1972
3,667,000
7,819,000
294,000
7,364,000
1981-1982
3,409,000
7,541,000
1,811,000
7,101,000
1991-1992
3,430,000
6,754,000
1,941,000
6,392,000
2001-2002
3,961,000
8,224,000
2,807,000
7,836,000
2011-2012
4,485,000
8,553,000
3,208,000
8,060,000
NOTE: Rounded to the nearest 1,000. Participants total is the sum of participants in school
sports; if a student participated in more than one sport, he or she would be counted for each
of those sports.
SOURCE: Adapted from NFSHSA, 2012.
FIGURE 6-5
Change in the ratio of males’ and females’ participation in sports relative to
enrollment, 1971-2011.
NOTE: Ratio is number of participants divided by estimated number of males or females
enrolled in high school in October of the enrollment year. Enrollment data were adapted from
the U.S. Census Bureau’s October Current Population Survey. For 1971 and 1981, only the total
number of students was available, and the proportion of male students was assumed to be
0.515.
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 1971-2011.
Figure 6-5.eps
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1971
1981
1991
Year
2001
2011
Male Percent Participation
Female Percent Participation
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
Approaches to Physical Activity in Schools
281
cent of middle and high schools offer intramural sports or physical activity
clubs (NASPE and AHA, 2010). Based on data from a nationally represen-
tative sample of middle schools, Young and colleagues (2007) found that
83 percent of schools offered interscholastic sports, and 69 percent offered
intramural sports and clubs. No reports indicate that interscholastic or
intramural sports were offered in elementary schools.
Many students who do not play on school teams may participate in
sports programs outside of school. CDC (2012) data indicate that 58 per-
cent of high school–age youth played on at least one sports team in 2011,
which suggests that an estimated 31 million of the 55 million youth in this
age group participated in sports outside of school. The committee was
unable to find a national estimate of the number of students who partici-
pated in school intramural sports or physical activity clubs. However, one
study of four middle schools with similar demographic populations based
on race/ethnicity, income, and geographic location suggests that the intra-
mural sports environment may be more conducive to increased physical
activity levels than the environment of varsity sports, at least for middle
school boys (Bocarro et al., 2012). This may be due in part to the fact that
all children can participate in intramural activities without having the high
skill levels required for interscholastic sports.
Students have many choices of interscholastic sports. Lee and col-
leagues (2007) cite 23 popular sports, grouped in Table 6-3 as team or
individual sports. Lee and colleagues (2007) believe that most individual
sports may be more likely than team sports to become lifelong activities for
individual students.
Policies That Affect Participation in Sports
As with physical education and recess policies, data from both the
Shape of the Nation Report (NASPE and AHA, 2010) and the NASBE
State School Health Policy Database (see Appendix C) show variations in
amounts, accountability, and regulations for high school sports. Twenty-
one states (41 percent) had state requirements regarding sports, most
relating to gender equity, concussion management, and local requirements.
Although NFSHSA remains the governing body for individual state athletic
associations, the governance of district sports opportunities is determined
largely by local athletic associations in accordance with individual state
association requirements. However, decisions on what sports to offer,
the frequency of sport competitions, and other factors are made at the
local level. In its report on the Comprehensive School Physical Activity
Program (CSPAP), the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) (2011) notes that 65 percent of high
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
282
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