Variant №1. Translate into Uzbek

3. Write a short essay: Amir Temur

Variant №42.

1. Translate into Uzbek:Computing languages

C++ was developed from the C language. It was designed as a systems programming language with features that make it easy to control the computer hardware efficiently. It was used to produce the Microsoft Windows operating system. It is portable, i.e. programs written in C++ can be easily adapted for use on many different types of computer systems.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a page description language used for creating webpages. HTML uses a system of tags to mark page links and formatting. For example, the tag tells the program to start underlining a text. Although programs cannot be created using HTML, small programs can be embedded in HTML code using a scripting language like JavaScript.

Java is a programming language originally designed for programming small electronic devices such as mobile phones. It can run unchanged on any operating system that has a Java Interpreter program. Java is used for writing programs for the World Wide Web.

Visual Basic is a programming environment, not simply a language. It uses the language BASIC, a simple language developed to make it easy for people to learn how to program. Visual Basic has predefined objects such as dialog boxes, buttons, and text boxes which can be chosen from a toolbox and dragged across the screen using the mouse and dropped into the required position. BASIC programming code is attached to form a complete program. Visual Basic is used to write general purpose applications for the Windows operating system.

3. Write a short essay: Alisher Navoi

Variant №43.

1. 
   Translate into Uzbek:
   

American Holidays (1)

American holidays are various in characters. Some of them are religious and some are connected with American history. American holidays are almost always celebrated by gathering together family and friends. There are often traditional meals. There are ten main holidays in the USA. They are:

1. New Year. New Year’s Eve is celebrated on December 31. At midnight, bells ring, horns blow and friends exchange hugs and kisses. Everyone stays up late to celebrate the arrival of another year. New Year’s Day is traditionally the time to start new programmes and give up bad habits. In big cities it is celebrated with parades, sporting events and fireworks.

2. Valentine’s Day. On February 14, or St. Valentine’s Day, people in America remind the people who are important to them that they are loved. Husbands and wives, parents and children, children and teachers give each other cards and candy that show how they really feel.

3. Easter. Easter is a religious holiday that comes on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25. Christians believe that Christ rose from the dead on Easter. Other people celebrate Easter as a sign of the coming of spring. Americans paint eggs pretty colours and give them as gifts to children. According to tradition, a rabbit called the “Easter Bunny” brings the eggs and hides them for children to find.

3. Write a short essay: My Day

Variant №44.

1. Translate into Uzbek:American Holidays (2)

4. Memorial or Decoration Day. This holiday comes on May 30 and is dedicated to the servicemen who gave their lives in past wars. Schools, clubs and churches decorate cemeteries and hold memorial services. They hang American flags on the main streets of towns.

5. The Fourth of July (Independence Day). This is the biggest national holiday of the USA. It is celebrated as the birthday of the country, because on this day in 1776, the colonies declared their independence from the British Crown and became the United States of America. On Independence Day, Americans march in parades and gather with friends and family. They cook hamburgers and hot dogs over a fire. In the evening, people watch fireworks.

6. Labour Day. This is the holiday dedicated to the American working class and comes on the first Monday of September. It marks the beginning of autumn and is the last real holiday of summer. Many families take a vacation the week before Labour Day, as it is the end of summer vacation before the beginning of school.

7. Halloween. October 31 is a day when people, mostly children, dress up in costumes, enjoy parties, and collect candy from their neighbours, saying “Trick or treat.” The tradition started because, according to superstition, October 31 is the last day that spirits and devils can roam the earth before “All Hallows Day,” a holy day in the church. This means that the day before is “All Hallows Evening,” which has been shortened to “Halloween”. On this day, many people hollow out a pumpkin, carve a face into it and place a candle inside, making a glowing head called a jack-o-lantern.

3. Write a short essay: About Myself

Variant №45.

1. Translate into Uzbek:American Holidays (3)

8. Veterans’ Day. This comes on November 11 and is usually marked with parades and ceremonies in which people honour those who have served in the country’s military.

9. Thanksgiving Day. This holiday comes on the fourth Thursday in November and is a national holiday too; it is the day for being thankful for what one has and for the harvest. The tradition began when, in the 17th century, the colonists from Plymouth colony in Massachusetts held a big harvest celebration with their Native American friends who had helped them grow food after a terrible harvest the previous year. On Thanksgiving Day, families traditionally eat roast turkey. People travel long distances in order to be with their family on this holiday.

10. Christmas. Christmas is a religious celebration. It is celebrated on December 25 as the birthday of Christ. It is a family holiday, and every house tries to have a Christmas tree, which is brightly decorated. As a rule, presents for children, relatives and close friends are placed under the tree. There are many traditional songs, sweets and treats associated with Christmas. According to tradition, a mythical grandfatherly old man named “Santa Claus” brings presents to all the children while they are sleeping. He places them in the stockings (socks) that they leave for him to fill.

There are many other holidays that almost everyone in the USA celebrates. Among them are St. Patrick’s Day, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day and April Fools Day.

3. Write a short essay: About My Family

Variant №46.

1. Translate into Uzbek:

COMPUTER VIRUSES (1)

The Maltese Amoeba may sound like a cartoon character, but if it attacked your computer, you wouldn't be laughing. The Maltese Amoeba is a computer virus. It is a form of software which can 'infect' your system and destroy your data. Making computer viruses is only one type of computer crime. Others include hacking (changing data in a computer without permission) and pirating (illegally copying software programs).

Viruses are programs which are written deliberately to damage data. Viruses can hide themselves in a computer system. Some viruses are fairly harmless. They may flash a message on screen, such as 'Gotcha! Bet you don't know how I crept in'.

The Yankee Doodle virus plays this American tune on the computer's small internal speaker every eight days at 5 p.m. Others have serious effects. They attach themselves to the operating system and can wipe out all your data or turn it into gobbledegook.

Most viruses remain dormant until activated by something. For example, the Jerusalem B virus is activated every Friday the 13th and erases any file you try to load from your disk.

3. Write a short essay: Travelling

Variant №47.

1. Translate into Uzbek:

COMPUTER VIRUSES (2)

Viruses are programs which are written deliberately to damage data. Viruses can hide themselves in a computer system. Some viruses are fairly harmless. They may flash a message on screen, such as 'Gotcha! Bet you don't know how I crept in'.

The Michelangelo virus was programmed to become active on March 6th 1992, the 517th birthday of Michelangelo. It attacked computer systems throughout the world, turning data on hard disks into nonsense.

Viruses are most commonly passed via disks but they can also spread through bulletin boards, local area networks, and email attachments. The best form of treatment is prevention. Use an antivirus program to check a disk before using it. Always download email attachments onto a disk and check for viruses. If you do catch a virus, there are antivirus programs to hunt down and eradicate the virus. The problem is that around 150 new viruses appear every month and you must constantly update your antivirus package to deal with these new forms.

3. Write a short essay: At the Cinema

Variant №48.

1. Translate into Uzbek:What is a computer?

Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process data and give the results of the processing.

There are three basic steps in the process: first, you feed data into the computer’s memory. Then, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, you can see the results (the output) on the screen or in the printed form.

We know information in the form of data and programs as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system as hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the CPU. Its function is to execute program instruction and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices.

Storage devices (floppy or hard disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drives handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines and scanners.

3. Write a short essay: SportsParts of the Day

Variant №49.

1. Translate into Uzbek:The Central Processing Unit.

The two main parts of the central processor are the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

The CU controls all the other units in the computer system. It decodes the program instructions and makes sure they are carried out in the correct sequence.

The ALU, on the other hand, performs the calculations and data manipulation, for example comparing, sorting and combining data.

These units have small, short-term storage areas called registers which are used for special tasks. For example, the register in the CU known as the program counter is used to hold addresses of the next instructions which the computer must carry out. The register in the ALU known as the accumulator is used to temporarily hold the data item which the computer currently processes. Each unit of the CPU is connected by a group of wires called a bus. There are data buses which carry data from one unit to another, control buses which send control signals to each unit and address buses which access each part of the main memory.

The power of the CPU is partly determined by its speed. This is controlled by a clock which sends out regular pulses to each unit to keep them in step. We measure the clock pulse rate in megahertz (MHz).

3. Write a short essay: Reading

Variant №50.

1. Translate into Uzbek:Access Systems

How can you protect your computer from unauthorized access? Various ways have been developed to ensure that only the right people can access a system. We can divide these methods into three groups: what you have, what you know, and who you are.

What you have

You may have a plastic card, a swipe card, to get into rooms where there are computers. In some companies, workers wear an active badge, an ID card with an embedded chip, which signals where the wearer is at any time. The company knows immediately if an employee enters a computer room.

What you know

Computers are often protected by passwords. You have to know the correct password to enter the system, in the same way that you have to know your personal identification number to get money out of a bank cash machine.

Who you are

Every individual is unique. Some security systems use individual body characteristics. For example, your computer can be protected by a fingerprint recognition system. The computer will only respond when it reads your unique fingerprint. A new product called Facelt uses face recognition to protect individual files. It will only give access to a file if your face matches stored pictures of authorized users. However, beards and spectacles can cause problems. Voice recognition and identification, by the retina of the eye are other means to protect access.

Some systems use a combination of these groups. For example, an ID card and a password.