Variant # 6 I. Answer the following questions

VARIANT # 6


I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What is practical stylistics?
2. What is publicistic style and how many varieties are there?
3. Give information about types of speech?
4. What is the difference between irony and humor?
5. What is vulgarisms and its stylistic function?


II. MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
1). There are … functional styles in English.
A. 5;
B. 6;
C. 7;
D. 4;


2). Essay is the substyle of
A. publicistic;
B. belles-lettres;
C. official;
D. scientific;


3). What is Metaphor based on?
A. associations between two things;
B. exaggeration;
C. similarity of two objects;
D. contrast of two ideas;


4). What is Metonymy based on?
A. contrast of two ideas;
B. associations between two things;
C. similarity of two objects;
D. exaggeration;


5). What kind of the metaphor is the following?
The trees crowded in the park were whispering with a gentle wind.
A. simple;
B. personification;
C. genuine;
D. prolonged;
Answes
1.Practical stylistics is the stylistics, proceeding form the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.)

2.The publicistic style is used in public speeches and printed public works which are addressed to a broad audience and devoted to important social or political events, public problems of

cultural or moral character. It falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other formal styles, the publicist style has spoken varieties, in particular, the oratorical sub-style. The development of radio and television has brought into being a new spoken variety – the radio and television commentary. The other two are the essay and articles in newspapers, journals and magazines.

3. The four basic types of speeches are: to inform, to instruct, to entertain, and to persuade. These are not mutually exclusive of one another. An informative speech always delivers information to the audience. But not all informative speeches inform an audience in the same way. The four types of informative speeches are definition speeches, demonstration speeches, explanatory speeches, and descriptive speeches. A persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe or do something. This could be virtually anything - voting, organ donation, recycling, and so on. Often less formal and shorter than traditional speeches, entertaining speeches communicate emotions rather than giving the audience facts and figures. Rather, they often include humor or funny stories. You can often find entertaining speeches at a birthday party or a wedding. An informative speech is one that intends to educate the audience on a particular topic. There are many different types of informative speeches, including speeches that describe the conditions of a subject and speeches that instruct the audience on how to perform an action.

4.Humour, irony and satire are technically distinct elements of literature. They have different origins. They are used in different ways with different purposes. The literary works have different modes. Each of them evokes different kind of fun and sense of pleasure. Each of them has generated new kinds of genres. However, they have some interrelations and people often mention them as synonyms. The present article researches these differences and similarities and make inferences to bring up some conclusions. Humour means ‘the quality of being funny’. It refers to ‘an ability to perceive and express a sense of the clever or
amusing’ thing. Humour consists principally in the recognition and expression of incongruities or peculiarities present in a situation or character. It is frequently used to illustrate some fundamental absurdity in human nature or conduct, and is generally thought of as a kindly trait: a genial and mellow type of humor. It is ‘the quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in literature or speech.’ It is the ability to express humour or amuse other people. Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. It is a technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually or ostensibly stated. Irony is a manner of organizing a work so as to give full expression to contradictory or complementary impulses, attitudes, etc., especially as a means of indicating detachment from a subject, theme, or emotion.
5. In the study of language and literary style, a vulgarism is an expression or usage considered non-standard or characteristic of uneducated speech or writing. Vulgarisms are often used in conversation out of habit, without any thought of what they mean, or in'imitation of those who use them in or­der not to seem old-fashioned or prudish. Unfortunately in modern fiction these words have gained legitimacy. The most vulgar of them are now to be found even in good novels. This lifting of the taboo has given rise to the almost unrestrained employment of words which soil the literary language. However, they will never acquire the status of standard Eng­lish vocabulary and will always remain on the outskirts.
The function of expletives is almost the same as that of interjections, that is to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger, vexation and the like. They are not to be found in any functional style of language except emotive prose, and here only in the direct speech of the characters.