3.1. Theoretical problems of ELT content
One of the essential categories of FLT is the content or what to
teach. In the teaching process there are different ideas of training
specialists on the problem what to teach and mostly they are
opposite to each other
24
. One of these matters for discussion is what
should be taught, and the second one – what is the content of
teaching itself?
Some training specialists recommend making a distinction
between language and speech materials
25
. In M. West’s opinion “a
language is not a subject which can be taught, it is a subject which
must be learnt”. Language acquisition largely depends on systematic
work that would bring satisfaction from this occupation and the
feeling of progress. What the learners need are useful ideas,
suggestions, explanations, demonstrations and examples of learning
strategies which are consistent with current achievements in the
field of FLT.
Discussion of problematic matters gives us an evidence to say it
is impossible to determine the content of FLT without referring to
24
Рогова Г.В. Содержания обучения иностранному языку // Иностранные языки в школе, 1974, № 3;
Шатиришвили Ш.А. Основы содержания обучения иностранным языкам в национальной школе. –Тбилиси:
Изд-во Тбилисского ун-та, 1981; Лапидус Б.А. Проблемы содержания обучения языку в языковом вузе. –М.:
ВШ, 1986; Джалалов Д.Д.. Проблемы содержания обучения иностранному языку. –Ташкент: - Фан 1987.
25
Рогова С.В. и др. Методика обучения иностранному языку в средней школе. - М.: Просвещение, 1991.
33
linguistics –– a science that deals with the study of languages as a
definite system of codes. Thus, linguistics describes the standard use
of the language, a set of rules, which covers this use. It also studies
the usage, i.e. the way people use words and expressions in speaking
and writing, as well as stylistic means, phonological, morphological,
syntactical and lexical items.
Consequently, the dichotomy between language and speech
plays an important role in FLT. Language is a system of signs and
speech is a manifestation of this language system in concrete
communicative acts. Both language and speech make up two sides
of the same phenomenon, one whole, and at the same time each of
them has specific units.
Language units include phonemes, morphemes, words,
phraseological units, sentences, and texts. These language elements
are organized on formal-semantic principles. Speech units include
utterances of various lengths where language elements are organized
on a semantic-communicative principle. In other words, speech
units refer to a specific situation of communication.
According to opinion of training specialists, educational
categories such as knowledge, experience, skills should be added to
the content of teaching English too. There should be a clear demand,
which helps to find the opposite sides and be analyzed as follows: it
can be easily proved that a text cannot be added to the content of
teaching. When you hear about themes of speech, remember that,
the content of them should be taken into account. The theme is a
general determination for getting information. It can be seen that the
news can be expressed or received in the text. This means,
information is the content of the text, while the text describes the
theme. The theme is the cause and the text is the result, in its turn
the text is the cause and information is the result. Therefore the
theme is considered as one of the inseparable parts of the FLT.
Content components are connected with the goal of ELT. The
goal determines the content because the content is acquired during
the lessons and the result of each lesson depends on the predefined
goal. The practical goal of teaching English clarifies how to use
some particular language materials in communication, i.e. within
which borders and in what capacity. So, the area (topic) of speech
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is defined. There are three phenomena such as, themes of speech
(subjective side of the speech), language sub-skills and skills
(procedural side) and language materials (objective side of learning)
played a major role for improving the content of teaching English
which must be discussed.
Some training specialists think that the content of FLT includes:
a) exercises of different types; b) texts for oral and written work; c)
laboratory exercises; d) topical selection of material
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. The term of
“exercise” is usually used with the aim to master language sub-skills
and communicative skills in all speech activities. Exercises are
organized as a system or complex directed to development of
language sub-skills and skills. Exercises are usually shaped with the
language material and task performing to achieve the practical goal.
Therefore materials for exercises are taken from the content of
teaching. Thus content of teaching is the foundation, source and
object of exercises.
The content of FLT involves a dialectical unity of all
specifically arranged teaching materials, teaching/learning process,
sub-skills and skills, and common essential learning.
The terms “knowledge”, “experience” and “skill” came into
this category by accident which are considered stable and
substantiated terms in educational system. A language is taught for
communication and via communication. As knowledge is absorbed
within communicative activity, so a teacher does not conduct a
lecture about language. At the same time knowledge in the content
of FLT can take a role of, for example, socio-cultural knowledge.
The assimilation and assessment of the achieved results connected
with the skills and experience. Content of FLT includes knowledge
and skills as well as experience. It is mentioned that, the skill is a
step for experience that’s why experience is considered the final.
The aforementioned makes it possible to conclude that in FLT at
school it is necessary to proceed from speech to language sequence,
i.e. to teach the language via speech in real life situations.
26
Общая методика преподавания иностранных языков в средних специальных учебных заведениях: Учебное
пособие/Под ред. Миролюбова А.А. и Парахиной А.В. – М.: ВШ, 1978. -264 с.
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The final purpose of ELT is development of abilities for usage
and using language in different situations of communication. On the
assumption of this the content of ELT from the subjective and
procedural sides of speech activity can be presented in a following
way: a) means of communication (phonetic, lexical, grammatical,
country-study); b) knowledge – how to use these means in the
process of communication; c) subskills and skills provide using
them in communication which are developed in teaching/learning
process; d) areas, themes, situations of communication within
which the content of ELT can be realized; e) culture created the
material basis of the ELT content.
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