1.3. Ways and stages of developing listening skills
In the secondary schools listening process is a part of the
active learning process to help students to acquire a certain level of
listening skills.
Thus listening is a complex skill which deserves special
attention. The teacher should realize what key task can be most
important for students, in particular:
- prediction skills;
- scanning abilities for extracting specific information;
- skimming abilities for getting the general idea;
- abilities for extracting detailed information;
- the ability to recognize function and discourse pattern;
The teacher needs instructional model that accounts not only for
the core factors of how listeners process information (bottom-up,
top-down, integration process) but also all the dimensions that may
affect the way messages are perceived and processed.
Listening comprehension is developed by doing the necessary
tasks shaped as a system or complex. From the first lesson of FLT in
schools is paid attention to the development of listening skills.
It is necessary to point out that the grammatical and lexical
material that is assimilated by learners in speaking and reading is
also regarded to teaching listening. Teacher’s speech is important
for students listening skills development because it is a sample of
the English language. Teacher should organize English classrooms
in English.
Listening comprehension (LC) exercises are leading during the
lesson. The goal of practical lesson is to get information in English.
Content of speaking and listening/ reading materials is assimilated
by listening.
LC as a means of teaching is used as 1) a way of introduction
of the language material in oral form (in a talk, in speech patterns);
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2) a means of developing well-set acoustic images of language
phenomena (words) together with their meanings, which is ensured
by multiple perception of the same material by the ear; 3) a means
of acquiring pronunciation subskills because giving only instruction
won’t help learners to pronounce a sound other than their mother
tongue if they don’t hear how it is pronounced by a teacher or by the
speaker; 4) a means of mastering can be technique of reading aloud.
LC as the means of teaching allows multiple listening of one
and the same speech material while LC as a communicative activity
constitutes a skill of speech comprehension by ear at single
(presented but once) perception (presentation).
Listening is an act of interpreting speech that one receives
through ears. Hearing is an act of receiving the language through
ears without interpretation. In real life we can hear somebody speak
but actually do not listen to what is being said. Listening is a
communicative skill to get the meaning from what we hear. People
listen in order to remember what they hear verbally or for the sake
of meaning retention. They listen in order to evaluate critically what
they hear or to give supportive empathy. They can derive aesthetic
pleasure from what they hear or to produce a listener’s feedback.
They can fulfill the instructions in the received text.
Listening to the spoken language involves hearing the sounds,
recognizing words, understanding different accents, understanding
intonation, coping with «noise» (external interference and indistinct
pronunciation), recognizing sentences, predicting the meaning,
understanding a whole discourse.
There are different ways of teaching LC in practice. One of
them is teaching language materials firstly then language skills. Via
this method all student should must study words and word phrases,
sentences then students’ attention is paid to content of the learned
material. This method is considered as inefficient because it take
much time.
The second way is developing integrative skills in listening,
speaking, reading and writing. This method is more effective in
teaching LC, because students have opportunity to practice LC
during writing, reading and speaking on the basis of the concrete
language material (language units and texts). As resources for
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teaching listening technical tools such as radio, tape recorders,
language laboratories, internet resources – audio, video can be
used.
Perception and comprehension are difficult for learners because
they should discriminate speech sounds quickly, retain them while
hearing a word, a phrase, or a sentence and recognize this as a sense
unit. Learners are very slow in grasping what they hear because they
are conscious of the linguistic forms they perceive by the ear. These
results in misunderstanding or a complete failure of understanding.
When listening in the English classrooms the students should be
very attentive and work hard in mastering listening skills.
Teaching students in listening skills is accompanied with
difficulties for both teachers and students.
They are unknown language, unintelligible manner of
presentation, unfamiliar topic, lack of own experience, no visual
clues, no expectation about the text. That’s why it is necessary for
teachers to
- raise students awareness about characteristics of spontaneous
speech;
- teach them how to construct from key words and use the context
and their knowledge of English to help them understand the
message;
- develop students’ awareness in formation of predictions;
- organize intensive listening practice;
- use visual support for the audio text (pictures, sketches),
contextualizing the listening situation;
- give a chance to listen audio text more than once to understand
the main idea and get accustomed to the voices;
- organize peer-evaluation before the class feedback.
The teachers should take into consideration the following three
main factors which can ensure success in developing learners' skills
in listening: (1) linguistic material for listening; (2) the content of
the material suggested for listening comprehension; (3) conditions
in which the material is presented.
If to organize LC of a text presented by a teacher or using audio
texts the teacher must do:
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1) organization of introductory talk with the aim to prepare
learners for comprehension of a text by the ear;
2) preparation of students for listening with focus on the
situation and encouraging students to predict (working at the title of
a text; removing the language difficulties of the text (phonetic,
lexical, grammatical);
3) direction to the primary comprehension of the text;
4) primary presentation of the audio text to the pupils with the
help of visual supports (pictures, adequate to the content of the text)
or verbal supports (key-words, word combinations, phrases);
5) check up understanding of the general content of the text. LC
is a means of assessment of students' comprehension when they hear
or read aloud a text. Properly used oral language ensures learners'
progress in language learning and, consequently, arouses their
interest in the subject;
6) the second presentation of the text listening with task
performance (listening for details, listening for the gist, listening for
inferences).
7) organization of feedback. It can be organized within 1) not
deep
understanding;
2)
general
understanding;
3)
fully
understanding; 4) understanding from critical point of view.
Systems of exercises for LC are divided into two: special and
non- special exercises.
In non-special exercises LC – for example, at the beginning of
the lesson learners should listen to the teacher’s topic.
Special exercises divided into 2 groups: 1) preparatory
exercises and 2) real LC exercises. The object of the preparatory
exercises is acoustic signal. The aim of this type of exercises is
preventing difficulties (remedy work).
We can refer phonetic exercises aimed at perception of separate
words on the flow of speech by the year, separate comprehending
phrases and understanding their rhythmic and intonation pattern,
types of sentences.
The requirements to the speech exercises for teaching LC are as
follows: they should provide proper drill in LC with the regard of its
psychological and linguistic nature as a language activity (limited
time of comprehension, tempo of speech), peculiarities of different
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language activities (dialogue, monologue); they should have
educational character, i.e. they should help learners to overcome
grammatical, lexical and structural difficulties of LC not in
isolation, as it takes place in language exercises, but in connection
with speech; they should provide the development of listening skills
step by step in accordance with the level of learners’ command of
the target language, the character of the text etc.
Exercises in comprehension includes working on the language
form, meaning and function (lexical, grammatical, phonetical
material of an audio text).
Such exercises should provide intuitive comprehension of
language material, which can be made possible if: a) well-set
auditory images of language phenomena are created; b) long-term
and short-term auditory memory are developed; c) inner speech in
the target language is developed, but it has a broken character.
Aim of the preparatory exercises is to prevent or overcome
linguistic and psychological difficulties before the presentation of an
audiotext, so that the listener could concentrate his/her attention on
comprehension of the content.
For example: listen to a pair of words and say what sounds are
the same in them; try to recognize a new word among the familiar
ones (clap your hands…); name nouns which are most often used
with the following adjective; define the function of a word (is it a
verb, noun or adj.).
The aim of the speech exercises is to develop skills of
comprehension of speech. Via this type of exercises we teach
students to divide an audiotext into parts, to find the main idea of a
text, to extract new information from the text. Speech exercises are
differentiated according to the developing auditory subskills in a
dialogue and a monologue.
Ways of checking up understanding. You can control LC:
a) oral and in the written form;
b) in the mother tongue or in the target language depending on
the language performance level of students;
c) extralinguistic and linguistic ways - draw, underline, perform
an action. Pupils are supposed to know the requirements of listening
to particular text (e.g. the number of details).
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- Multiple choice tests (choose the correct answer out of 3-4);
- Fill in the blanks in the graphic variant;
- Answer the questions;
- Choose a suitable picture;
- A discussion;
- Underline the correct answer (or raise your hand when…);
- Make up an outline of the story;
- Perform an action;
- Retell the text according to the plan/ key-words;
- Put the pictures in the logical order, described in the story;
- Colour the picture according to the content of the text;
- Draw a picture of…
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