Uzbekistan state world languages university

I don 7 go	Я не пойду
Мен бормайман
2. Lexical units	Neither... nor	Не...не		Эмас, на ...на
	It is neither	Это и	не	Бу на яхши	ва на
	good nor bad	хорошо и	не	ёмон
		плохо
3. Negative	Nobody,	Никто, нигде,		Ҳеч ким,	ҳеч
pronouns and	nowhere,	никогда,	ни	қаер, ҳеч қачон,
adverbs	never, none	один		ҳеч бири
	None of them is	Ни один из та		Уларнинг	ҳеч
	here	не здесь		бири бу	ерда
				эмас
4. Phraseological	When	Жди у моря		Қизил	қор
units	Ethiopian	погоды		ёққанда

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changes his skin

A Rhetoric Whoever, can Да кто может | Ким ҳам бизни \
questions win us?! нас победить?! : енга оларди?!
The examples in the table can show some detailed difference in expressing llio negation in compared languages.
An Interrogative sentence asks a question. In English, there are four types uf questions: general, special, alternative and disjunctive. {Doyou want...?, Where ilo you want...?, Do you want ...or...?, You want..., don’t you?). Russian Interrogative sentence may be divided into 2 groups: I) Interrogative sentence Imving no interrogative words, sometimes they may contain such particles as ведь, in IK, что, неужели, разве, ли, and etc. In such cases, they differ from adeclarative sentence in intonation. {Инженер поехал в Москву? Его здесь нет? Разве он чнмписал? Неужелионушел?); 2) Interrogative sentences having interrogative words, such zskhw, что, куда, откуда, почему (Ктопршиел? Чшовычитаете?). Special attention must be paid to the indirect questions the lilies of sequence of tenses must be observed. Uzbek interrogative sentences are ill:io divided into 2 groups: 1) absolute interrogative sentences which require the niiswers (сиз эртага келасизми?); 2) rhetoric interrogative sentence with the obvious hidden answer in it {Men унинг тўсатдан келиб цолишини цаердан Чилай?! Бу ватанда нималар йўқ?! Ўзинган чиққан балога цайга борасан дачога?! Бу нимаси?!).
Imperative sentences serve to induce a person to do something. They express a command, a request, an invitation, a wish, a demand, and a call and so on. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences may be exclamatory when they express a strong emotion (happiness, delight, anger, etc). (What a lovely day it Is! How wonderful!) (Москвакакмног овэт ом звуке...) (Аввал ўйла кейин сўйла!).
There is no great difference of sentences in compared languages according lo (he structure sentences. Due to the grammatical structure, they are divided into Iwo-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two members: the subject and the predicate. (Pete reads. Maty writes.) A two-member •lenience may be: complete and incomplete 2 member sentences. The complete has both the subject and the predicate. The incomplete is a sentence then one of the principle parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the sentence. Such sentences are called elliptical. (Where are you going? - To the cinema.) Elliptical sentences are usually met in colloquial speech and dialogues. A one-member sentence is a sentence, which has only one member, which is


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neither the subject nor the predicate. One member makes the sentence complete. One-member sentences are generally used in thedescription and in anemotional speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun and the sentence is called nominal. (Dusk-of the summer night. Зима, крестьянин торжествует).A simple sentence may be extended (has both the principle parts of the sentence and the secondary parts. E.g. Pete reads book every day.) And unextended (has only the subject and the predicate).
Classification of asimple sentence in ail three languages according to the grammatical meaning can be seen as follows:


elliptical


non-elliptical


complicated


imcomplicate
d


extended


txvo member


Simple
sentence
Ч «‘4 > >jl|*


unextende
. d


one
member


As a distinction complicated and uncomplicated types of sentences in Uzbek are regarded complex sentences. The rest types of sentences can be considered as thesimilarity of these languages.
Sentences in compared languages may be also composite. In general composite sentences in compared languages are divided intocompound. complex and compound-complex. A compound is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. {The darkness was¹ thinning, but the street was still dimly lighting. Картошка жарилась на сков орде, от неё ўёл ароматнқй запах. Осмонга будут чицди ва ёмгир ёга богилади). A complex sentence consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. {He steps quicken as he set out from the hotel. Многие видели как фокусник это сделал. Хонага шундай жимлик чўкканки, гўё бу ерда \аёт бутунлай сўнган). Subordinated clauses may be of different types: subject (Where I am going is unknown), object, predicative (with link-verb), attributive, adverbial and etc. A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. {We decided that the movie was too violent, but our


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f ;; Compound	—	coordinating: j conjunctions j
Composite'>Composite ] | ~ . } i'vfeia -5 Complex sentence j { *		subordinating ^conjunctions !
'I Compound-complex	jcombination of

In Russian they may be classified into two big groups which contain several subgroups according to its structure, meaning, interconnection and head part:


Composite
sentence


I Syndetic I Asyndetic


Compound


Complex/]


In Uzbek they are divided into 4 big types which some types also can have several subdivisions according to the conjugations:





Syndetic






i Asyndetic Complex
Compоund-complex \


Generally, there can be observed differences, similarities and distinctive features in thedeep comparative analysis of the types above. Such as compound-


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Russian	Uzbek
Вам этого не понять. Этого вам не понять. Не понять вам этого.	Сиз буни тушуна олмайсиз Буни сиз тушуна олмайсиз буни тушуниш сизгаэмас.

In English the word order isfixed, semantic shades ofmeaning are expressed byother means. In English,there can be one variant but with different intonation: You won 7 understand this.


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• In English and Uzbek, the sentence beginswith the subject as a mlo.The rhematic (new)information is placed atthe beginning of the sentence: Van Cliburn was the best musician. ВэнКлайберн энг яхгии мусщачи эди. Whilein Russian a lot of sentences begin not with thesubject but, an object.The rhematic (new) information stands at theend of the sentence:
ЛучшиммузыкантомбылВэнКлайберн.
Questions for self-control:

1. 
   What is a sentence?
   
2. 
   According to what criteria the definition of asentence can be identified?
   
3. 
   What types of sentences are known in syntax?
   
4. 
   The difference between nominal and verbal sentences in compared languages.
   
5. 
   Composite sentence and its main types.
   
6. 
   Distinctive features of the compound and complex sentences.
   
7. 
   The problem of word order in typology.
   

9. The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition
(Syntactic level).
Recommended literature: ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10}


1. Yusupov U.K. Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent, 2013.


2. Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.


3. Валгина Н.С. Современный русский язык. М., 200.3.


4. Мухитдинова X., Худойберганова Д., Умиров И., Жиянов Н., Юсупова Т. Ҳозирги узбек адабий тили Т., 2004.


5. Соловьёва Н. Н. Весь русский язык в таблицах: От фонетики до синтаксиса М., 2009.


6. D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979


7. Stanley Fish, "Devoid of Content." The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011


8. William Croft. Typology and Universals. Cambridge UNI Press, 2003.


9. Hawkins, John A. The Comparative Typology of English and German: Unifying the:Contrasts. London/Sydney: Croom Helm, 1986.


10. Абдураҳмойов F,, Холиёров X. ва б. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили (Синтаксис). — Т.. 1979.


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Topics for self-study

7. 
   Criteria of connection of words in word combinations.
   
8. 
   Syntactic connection in compared languages.
   
9. 
   Different definitions of the term “sentence”.
   
10. 
    Classification of the sentence due to different criteria.