Uzbekistan state university of world languages the first english language faculty the department of english phonetics and phonology

Aziz qo’yning mayib bo`lganini ko`rib qaynar qozondek toshdi.

In a metaphor an idea is expressed by a word used in a figurative meaning. Down rippled the brown cascade of her hair. (Down fell in ripples her hair). Shamol kuchaygan sari, dengiz chayqalar, qaynar, ko`pirar. In the first sentence the word “cascade” “qaynar” has retained its direct meaning, in the second examples it is used in a figurative meaning as a metaphor.

Similes enrich English phraseology: like a squirrel in a cage; as clear as crystal; to sleep like a dog; like a streak in lighting, busy as a bee, blind as a bat, qo`yday yuvosh, it olgan tulkiday, qutirgan bo`riday, suvga tushgan mushukday, muzday sovuq, bolday shirin, tulkiday ayyor, qora qarg`aday. These phraseological units are trite similes and have become clichés. The stylistic function of simile may be different:

1) Imaginative characterization of a phenomenon.

2) To produce a humorous effect by its unexpectedness. A nice old man, hairless as a boiled onion. …boshi oshlangan teriday silliq, qoshlari quay tushgan po`stakdeksiyrak tsex boshlig`i

    Both simile and metaphor are based on comparison. Metaphor is often called a compressed simile which differs from simile proper structurally. However, the difference between the two is not only structural but semantic as well. Simile and metaphor are different in their linguistic nature:

1) metaphor aims at identifying the objects; simile aims at finding some point of resemblance by keeping the objects apart;
2) metaphor only implies the feature which serves as the ground for comparison, simile, more often than not, indicates this feature, so it is semantically more definite.
    Synonyms-substitutes (substituting synonyms) are words used to denote objects or action, supplementing new additional details, which helps to avoid monotonous repetitions, e.g. But he had no words to express his feelings and to relieve them would utter an obscene jest; it was as though his emotion was so violent that he needed vulgarity to break the tension. Mackintosh observed this sentiment with an icy disdain /W.S.Maugham/.
Substituting synonyms are characterized by contextual similarity giving rise to emotive-evaluative meaning. That is why some synonyms can be treated as such only in context. Synonyms-substitutes are widely used in publicist style. They are also regarded as situational synonyms.
    Synonyms-specifiers (specifying synonyms) are used as a chain of words which express similar meanings. Such synonyms are used for a better and more detailed description of an object or person, when every other synonym adds new information about it. There are two ways of using specifying synonyms: 1) as paired synonyms, and 2) as synonymic variations, e.g. …the intent of which perjury being to rob a poor native widow and her helpless family of a plantation-patch, their only stay and support in their bereavement and desolation /M.Twain/.
    These synonyms specify the utterance, adding some new information. Though the given synonyms are very close in their meaning, they are different in stylistic colouring. Synonymic variations specify the utterance, intensifying its emotional value. Such synonyms are widely used in fiction and the publicistic style.  In scientific prose and official style, their usage is limited.