Uzbekistan state university of world languages english language faculty №2 Course paper Theme: General principiles of vowel formation

Oral consonants: all voiced and voiceless consonants + 1 sonorant / l /
Phonetics is the science that studies the sound matter of the language, its semantic functions and the lines of development. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics studies sounds in their broad sense. The sound system of the l-ge comprises 2 levels: segmental sounds (vowels and consonants) and prosodic (suprasegmental) phenomena (pitch, stress, tempo, rhythm, pauses). Ph. also studies how the sounds are produced. It studies the acoustic property of sounds. Ph has a long history. It was known to ancient Greeks. Asa science with its subject and methods it began to develop in the 2nd half of the 19 century in Western Europe and in Russia. Depending on which of sound phenomena is studied, phonetics is subdivided into four main branches: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, functional. Articulatory-how the air starts moving, all the movement of speech organs while producing sounds. It is concerned with the study of sound as a result of the activities of speech organs. It deals with our voice—producing mechanism and the way we produce sounds, and prosodic phenomena. It studies respiration, phonation (voice—production), articulation and also the mental processes necessary for the mastery of a phonetic system. Methods employed in articulatory phonetics are experimental and the method of direct observation. Acoustic deals with acoustic aspect of sounds, it studies how the air vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and listener's ear. It studies speech sounds with the help of experimental (instrumental) methods. Auditory (perceptual) studies the hearing process, man's perception of segmental sounds, pitch variation, loudness and duration. It studies the ways in which sound perception is determined by the phonetic system of a language. The methods used in perceptual phonetics are also experimental. They include various kinds of auditory tests. Functional (phonology, social) - it is a purely linguistic branch of ph, it deals with sound phenomena. This aspect was 1st introduced in the works by Russian linguist де Куртене. He was the founder of the phoneme theory. Later this theory was developed by Russian Щерба, Реформатский. They even claimed that phonology should be differentiated from phonetics. They were for that separation because they considered ph to be a biological science while only phonology could be described as a linguistic science. But the linguists of other countries disagree with division. It is not logical to separate form from functionand exclude ph from linguistic sciences. The other branches of phonetics: special (concrete language), general (speech mechanism), historical (historical development), descriptive (in particular period), comparative (comparative study of ph sys of 2 lan-ges), applied/practical (practical applications), theoretical (theory).