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Al- Khwarizmi .
One of the most famous scientists of Khorezm and, perhaps, of the entire Muslim world was Abu Dzhofar Mohammed bin Musa al Khorezmiy al Majusi al- Katrabbuli . He was born around 783 in the vicinity of Khiva in the village of Raml . His ancestors were Zoroastrian exorcists. In 809 he was one of the scholars at the court of al- Mamun , ruler of the Eastern region of the Caliphate and patron of the arts of Mevr . In 819, accompanying al- Mamun , who by that time had become Caliph, al- Khorezmiy moved to Baghdad and lived in the suburb of Kattrabbul until the last days of his life.
In Baghdad, Caliph al- Ma'mun appointed him head of the House of Wisdom , the first and greatest center of learning of the Middle Ages. The center was later called the Al- Mamun Academy . The observatories of the House of Wisdom were constantly monitoring the celestial bodies. Research work was carried out here, and along with this, research expeditions were organized in various regions of the Caliphate. Mohammed al- Khwarizmi supported the coordination and promotion of this work from 829.
He has written more than 20 research papers. The most famous of these includes the "Short Book of Calculus in Algebra and Almukabula " . It was translated into Latin in the twelfth century; its Arabic and Latin variants have been retained. Al- Khwarizmiy wrote The Book of Indian Calculus , a work known in the Latin version, translated by Adelard Bath in the 12th century; he also wrote the Zij , the famous astronomical tables. The tables were translated into Latin , these Latin manuscripts have been preserved. Al- Khwarizmiy also wrote the "Review Book of the East" represented by only one Arabic manuscript in Strasbourg, France, EU. The manuscript was copied in 1037. Fragments of the "Book of History" in Arabic have also come down to us.
These works of Mohammed al- Khwarizmiy , especially in astronomy and mathematics, greatly influenced the development of science and culture. In his "Book of Indian Calculus", the author for the first time in science describes the arithmetic operations of finding a decimal number , which are based on nine Arabic numerals and zero, which has now become an account on an international scale. He was the first to describe the concept, taken from the Latin language, as "algorithm" meaning "a constant process of calculation". Algorithm is one of the basic concepts not only in mathematics, but also in cybernetics .
In the "Short Book of Calculus on Algebra and Almuqabula " al- Khorezmiy was the first to define and present algebra as a science. He introduced the six canonical types of linear and quadratic equations and also the basic methods for solving them, methods that are still used today. The word "algebra" was Latinized from the Arabic word al-jabr , which comes from the Arabic word - treatise . The word symbolizes "fill in" - one of the fundamental operations in the algebra of that time.
In the astronomical treatise Zij , Al- Khwarizmi used the highest point of the dome of Arin for the prime meridian, from which time was counted. The dome was identified with the Indian city of Uzain (today it is Ujain in the state of Uttar Pradesh - India). The theoretical foundations of Arina's principles were reflected in Peter Hay 's "The Concept of the Earth" (written in 1410, printed in 1480 - 1487). Christopher Columbus also got acquainted with this theory. From the notes written in the margins of a copy of that book, it can be seen that they assumed that this dome was identified by the Hindu to be more than one dome even higher, on the diametrically opposite side of the Earth, opposite Arina's dome. The search for the second dome led Columbus to the discovery of the New World.