Building materials
бeтономeш
´
aлкa
cement mixer
к
´
aмeнщик
bricklayer
шпaкл
¨e
вкa
putty
штукaт
´
ур
plasterer
штукaт
´
урить
/
от
-
to plaster
штукaт
´
уркa
plaster
Perception
243
Origins of words:
(1)
шпaкл
¨e
вкa
(
шпaтл
¨e
вкa
in specialist terminology)
is from
шпaклeв
´
aть
‘to fill’, in specialist terminology
шпaтлeв
´
aть
,
from
шп
´
aтeль
‘palette knife, spatula’, German
Spatel
‘spatula’, Italian
spatola
id. (2)
штукaт
´
ур
is from Italian
stuccatore
‘plasterer’, stucco
‘plaster’, probably via German
Stukkateur
‘plasterer’.
Cognate words:
к
´
aмeнщик
cf.
к
´
aмeнь
‘stone’.
Metal
брон
´
я
armour plating
мeтaллоиск
´
aтeль
(m.)
metal detector
мeтaллол
´
ом
scrap iron
нeржaв
´
eющaя ст
´
aль
stainless steel
н
´
икeль
(m.),
н
´
икeлeвый
nickel
пр
´
оволокa
wire
рифл
¨e
ноe жeл
´
eзо
corrugated iron
уст
´
aлость
(f.)
мeт
´
aллa
metal fatigue
чуг
´
ун
(gen.
чугун
´
a
), -
ный
cast iron
шл
´
aк
, -
овый
slag
эм
´
aль
(f.), -
eвый
enamel
Origins of words:
(1)
брон
´
я
is probably from Gothic, cf. German
Br¨unne
‘coat of mail’ (
бр
´
оня
‘reservation’ is based on
брон
´
я
and shares with
it the element of
protection
) (2)
н
´
икeль
is from German
Nickel
id., an
abbreviation of
Kupfernickel
‘copper nickel’, named in 1754 by Axel
F. von Cronstedt, a Swedish mineralogist. Nickel (short for Nikolaus)
was a mischievous demon, the name being given to nickel ore as a
term of abuse by miners because it yielded no copper in spite of its
appearance (3)
чуг
´
ун
is from Turkic.
Others:
(1)
мeтaллол
´
ом
is a contraction of
мeтaлл
´
ичeский л
´
ом
(2) par-
ticipial
нeржaв
´
eющий
is based on
рж
´
aвeть
‘to rust’ (3)
пр
´
оволокa
lit. ‘an object made by drawing through’, cf.
волоч
´
ить
or
вол
´
очь
‘to
drag’ (a reference to wire-drawing) (4)
шл
´
aк
is from German
Schlacke
‘clinker’ (5)
эм
´
aль
is from French
´email
id.
Wood
зaн
´
озa
splinter (embedded in finger etc.)
чeрв
´
ивый
worm-eaten
щ
´
eпкa
sliver of wood
Note:
чeрв
´
ивый
cf.
ч
´
eрвь
‘worm’
244
Unit 7
Various
з
´
aмшa
,
з
´
aмшeвый
chamois
нaжд
´
aчнaя бум
´
aгa
emery paper
кaн
´
aт
rope
крeм
´
eнь
,
крeмн
¨e
вый
flint
п
´
eмзa
pumice stone
Origins of words:
(1)
з
´
aмшa
is from German (cf.
S¨amischleder
) via Polish,
probably ultimately French
chamois
(2)
нaжд
´
aк
is from Turkic (3)
п
´
eмзa
is purportedly from earlier Dutch
pums(e)
id. (modern Dutch
puimsteen
).
Exercises
Level 1
1. Gender of soft-sign nouns. Which is the odd one out? Give the gender of each:
Noun
m./f.
Noun
m./f.
1.
в
´
онь
feminine
5.
тк
´
aнь
2.
д
¨e
готь
6.
флaн
´
eль
3.
м
´
eдь
7.
ш
´
eрсть
4.
ст
´
aль
2. Give the first-person singular of the following verbs:
Infinitive
1st-person sing.
Infinitive
1st-person sing.
1.
бeтон
´
ировaть
я бeтон
´
ирую п
´
ол
5.
слeд
´
ить
я
. . . . . .
зa дeтьм
´
и
2.
зaм
´
eтить
я
. . . . . .
ош
´
ибку
6.
стуч
´
aть
я
. . . . . .
в дв
´
eрь
3.
пр
´
обовaть
я
. . . . . .
бл
´
юдо
7.
ч
´
увствовaть
я
. . . . . .
г
´
aз
4.
свист
´
eть
я
. . . . . .
3. Insert the correct prepositions:
1.
д
´
ождь бaрaб
´
aнил в
´
окнa
5.
Я слeж
´
у
. . . .
мeждунaр
´
одными соб
´
ытиями
2.
Oн
´
a взглян
´
улa
. . . .
мeн
´
я
6.
Oн
´
a смотр
´
eлa
. . . .
нeг
´
о
3.
Я звон
´
ил
. . . .
двeр
´
e
й
7.
Я стуч
´
aл
. . . .
дв
´
eрь
4.
Oн
´
a нaблюд
´
aлa
. . . .
пол
¨e
том пт
´
ицы
(
в
+ acc.,
зa
+ instr.,
нa
+ acc.,
у
+ gen.)
Exercises
245
4. First/second conjugations of the verb. Verbs in -
eть
. Which is the odd one out?
Infinitive
3rd-person sing.
Infinitive
3rd-person sing.
1.
блeст
´
eть
4.
смотр
´
eть
2.
свист
´
eть
5.
тeмн
´
eть
3.
скрип
´
eть
5. Instrumental case. Insert appropriate forms:
1.
вон
´
ять
2.
миг
´
aть
3.
п
´
aхнуть
4.
хл
´
опaть
(
глaз
´
aми
,
дв
´
eрью
,
св
´
eжим хл
´
eбом
,
чeснок
´
ом
)
6. Using the dictionary, find other meanings of the following words:
Other meaning(s)
1.
к
´
ожa
2.
св
´
истнуть
3.
скрип
´
eть
4.
слeд
´
ить
5.
т
¨e
мный
6.
ч
´
увствовaть
7. Form adjectives with suffix -
в
- (-
овый
) from the following nouns:
Noun
A
djective
Qualified noun
1.
aсф
´
aльт
aсф
´
aльтовaя
дор
´
огa
2.
бр
´
онзa
мeд
´
aль
3.
плaстм
´
aссa
с
´
умкa
4.
хл
´
опок
п
´
олe
5.
ш
¨e
лк
ш
´
aрф
8. Form adjectives in -
н
- (-
ный
or -
ной
) from the following nouns:
Noun
Adjective
Qualified noun
1.
бeт
´
он
бeт
´
оннaя
пaн
´
eль
2.
гл
´
инa
пос
´
удa
3.
кирп
´
ич
д
´
ом
4.
кружeв
´
a
воротнич
´
ок
5.
ст
´
aль
м
´
ост
6.
стeкл
´
о
грaф
´
ин
7.
ш
´
eрсть
тк
´
aнь
246
Unit 7
9. Adjectives in -
н
-/-
в
-. Which is the odd one out?
Noun
Adjective
Qualified noun
1.
бум
´
aгa
бум
´
aжнaя
пром
´
ышлeнность
2.
жeл
´
eзо
дор
´
огa
3.
кaрт
´
он
кор
´
обкa
4.
м
´
eдь
руд
´
a
5.
мр
´
aмор
л
´
eстницa
6.
рeз
´
инa
м
´
яч
7.
сол
´
омa
шл
´
япa
10. Cloths, metals, building materials. Distribute the nouns to appropriate columns:
Cloths
Cloths
Metals and building materials
1.
4.
1.
4.
2.
5.
2.
5.
3.
6.
3.
6.
(
бeт
´
он
,
бр
´
онзa
,
жeл
´
eзо
,
кирп
´
ич
,
л
¨e
н
,
м
´
eдь
,
ст
´
aль
,
тк
´
aнь
,
флaн
´
eль
,
хл
´
опок
,
ш
¨e
лк
,
ш
´
eрсть
)
11. Related words and derivatives
.
I
Give two prefixed compounds of
смотр
´
eть
and their imperfectives:
Pf. prefixed compound
Impf. prefixed compound
Meaning
1.
to look round
2.
to scrutinise
II
Give (1)
a
noun (2) a verb related to
т
¨e
мный
:
Related noun
Meaning
Related verb
Meaning
1.
darkness
2.
to grow dark
III
Give (1) an adjective (2) a verb related to
в
´
онь
:
Related adjective
Meaning
Related verb
Meaning
1.
smelly
2.
to stink
IV
Give two adjectives (opposites of each other) derived from
вкус
:
Adjective A
Meaning
Adjective B
Meaning
1.
tasty
2.
tasteless
Exercises
247
12. Match the words on the left to the definitions on the right:
1.
aром
´
aт
a
.
т
´
онкaя вeр
¨e
вкa
2.
бeч
¨e
вкa
b. ´
узкaя полос
´
a тк
´
aни
3.
л
´
eнтa
c.
при
´
ятный з
´
aпaх
4.
мр
´
aк
d.
плaст
´
ичeский мaтeри
´
aл
5.
мр
´
aмор
e.
плaст
´
ичeскaя м
´
aссa
6.
плaстил
´
ин
f.
твeрдый мeт
´
aлл
7.
плaстм
´
aссa
g.
нeпрогл
´
яднaя тьм
´
a
8.
ст
´
aль
h.
тв
¨e
рдый и блeст
´
ящий к
´
aмeнь
13. Complex colours. What colours result from mixing primaries?
1.
б
´
eлый
+
ч
¨e
рный
=
с
´
eрый
2.
голуб
´
ой
+
ж
¨e
лтый
=
3.
кр
´
aсный
+
ж
¨e
лтый
=
4.
кр
´
aсный
+
ж
¨e
лтый
+
ч
¨e
рный
=
(
зeл
¨e
ный
,
кор
´
ичнeвый
,
ор
´
aнжeвый
)
14. Which of the following colours is
not
derived from the name of a plant?
1.
aквaмaр
´
иновый
3.
ор
´
aнжeвый
5.
сир
´
eнeвый
2.
кор
´
ичнeвый
4.
р
´
озовый
6.
фиол
´
eтовый
15. Titles for translation
1.
«
з
´
aпaх хл
´
eбa»
(by Yu. Kazakov, a well-known writer of short stories of the post-war period)
2.
«Кaк зaкaл
´
ялaсь ст
´
aль»
(an idealised, partly autobiographical, novel by N. A. Ostrovsky
about a boy who works for the Red underground during the Revolution)
3.
«M
´
eдный вс
´
aдник»
(a long poem by A. S. Pushkin contrasting the claims of state power with
the welfare of the individual)
4.
«По ком звон
´
ит к
´
олокол»
(Russian title of Ernest Hemingway’s novel about the Spanish
Civil War).
Note:
Maкс
´
им Г
´
орький
(‘bitter’) was the pen name of A. M. Peshkov, the ‘grand old man of
Soviet literature’ instrumental in developing the doctrine of Socialist Realism in 1932.
16. Sayings. Translate and find English equivalents:
1.
Гл
´
aдить по ш
¨e
рсткe
/
Гл
´
aдить пр
´
отив ш
´
eрсти
.
2.
Ha вк
´
ус и цв
´
eт тов
´
aрищeй нeт
.
3.
He вс
¨e
то з
´
олото
,
что блeст
´
ит
.
248
Unit 7
Note also the sayings:
(1)
П
´
aхнeт п
´
орохом
(of impending war);
(2)
Б
´
очкa м
¨e
ду
,
л
´
ожкa д
¨e
гтю
(of a small factor that can ruin a major project).
17. Which is the odd one out (is
not
an onomatopoeic monosyllable)?
1.
зв
´
он
2.
л
´
оск
3.
св
´
ист
4.
скр
´
ип
5.
ст
´
ук
6.
хл
´
оп
18. Words of French and German origin. Allocate to the appropriate columns:
French
Meaning
German
Meaning
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
(
aсф
´
aльт
,
бeт
´
он
,
в
´
aтa
,
пр
´
обa
/
пр
´
обовaть
,
ст
´
aль
,
трикот
´
aж
)
19. Give an example of (a) metathesis (the word for ‘wax’) (b) a semantic calque (the
word for ‘taste’)
.
20. Similes
I
Match the colours to the similes:
1.
Бaгр
´
овый кaк
. . . . . (disapprovingly, of a person turkey-red with anger).
2.
Голуб
´
ой кaк
. . . . . (of a cloudless sky, blue as turquoise).
3.
ж
¨e
лтый кaк
. . . . . . (the colour of lemon).
4.
з
eл
¨e
ный кaк
[
молод
´
aя
]. . . . . (of paint, clothing, material, the colour of grass).
5.
Кр
´
aсный кaк
. . . . . (of a face red with shame, embarrassment, spite).
6.
C
´
eрый кaк
. . . . . (of mouse-grey material, clothing, also, disparagingly, of someone’s
complexion).
7.
ч
¨e
рный кaк
. . . . . (of a black-haired and swarthy person, or of someone dressed in black
clothing).
Colours:
бирюз
´
a
‘turquoise’,
гр
´
aч
‘rook’,
инд
´
юк
‘turkey’,
лим
´
он
‘lemon’,
м
´
ышь
‘mouse’,
р
´
aк
‘cray-fish’,
трaв
´
a
‘grass’.
II
Other similes. Translate them and see if you can find English equivalents for any of
them
.
Brightness/darkness
1.
Teмн
´
о кaк в кол
´
одцe
(pejorative, of pitch darkness, as down a well).
2. ´
Яркий кaк звeзд
´
a
(of brightness, also of a beautiful woman).
Smell
1.
Bон
´
ять кaк кл
´
оп
(of an unpleasant, irritating smell).
2.
П
´
aхнeт кaк дух
´
и
(of a pleasant but sharp smell, recalling perfume).
Exercises
249
Taste
1.
Aппeт
´
ит кaк у aк
´
улы
(disparaging or ironic, of a person with a shark-like appetite).
2.
Г
´
орький кaк горч
´
ицa
(the two words are cognates).
3.
Cл
´
aдкий кaк м
¨e
д
(of tasty food, fruit, pastry etc.).
Touch
1.
Гл
´
aдкий кaк aтл
´
aс
(of satin-smooth and shiny leather, paper, material).
2.
л
´
ипкий кaк смол
´
a
(disparaging, of an over-adhesive substance or object, resembling pitch
or tar).
3.
M
´
ягкий кaк б
´
aрхaт
(of velvety skin, hair, the coat of an animal, grass etc.).
4.
B
´
олосы кaк ш
¨e
лк
(of silky hair).
5.
M
´
ускулы кaк из ст
´
aли
(of someone with strong muscles and physique).
Sound
1.
Cвист
´
eть кaк в
´
eдьмa
(of a woman’s unpleasantly piercing whistle).
2.
Cтуч
´
aть кaк д
´
ятeл
(facetiously, of someone who is always typing or, disapprovingly, of
someone’s incessant banging, woodpecker-style).
21. Translate into Russian:
1. He looked round, knocked on the door, then rang the bell.
2. The staircase creaks under our feet.
3. As I went out of the room I slammed the door.
4. She sniffed the air. There was a smell of rotten fish in the kitchen.
5. A large crowd had got up early in order to watch the sunrise.
6. Our officers are keeping an eye on the enemy positions.
7. The snow was sparkling so brightly that I blinked my eyes.
8. It grew dark early. Darkness had fallen by five p.m.
9. I tried some Georgian wine. It was too sweet, sweeter than I had expected.
10. He noticed the mistake at once and stared at his colleague.
11. The doctor examined the patient and gave him a prescription.
12. The stars were gleaming so brightly it was hard to believe they were so far away.
Level 2
1. Gender of soft-sign nouns. Which is masculine and which feminine?
Gender
Gender
1.
лaт
´
унь
2.
т
´
юль
2. Cloths, woods and metals. Distribute to the appropriate columns:
Cloths
Meaning
Woods
Meaning
Metals
Meaning
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
(a
тл
´
aс
,
бaмб
´
ук
,
в
´
ойлок
,
г
´
aз
,
лaт
´
унь
, ´
олово
,
пр
´
обкa
,
свин
´
eц
,
фaн
´
eрa
)
250
Unit 7
3. Find other meanings of the following words:
Other meaning(s)
1.
всп
´
ыхивaть
/
всп
´
ыхнуть
2.
кaс
´
aться
/
косн
´
уться
3. ´
острый
4.
пр
´
обкa
5.
тр
´
огaть
/
тр
´
онуть
4. Give an example of (a) a homograph (b) a homonym:
5. Verbs that govern the instrumental case. Place suitable forms in the gaps:
Instrumental form
Meaning
1.
всп
´
ыхнуть
´
ярким пл
´
aмeнeм
to flare with a bright flame
2.
звeн
´
eть
3.
зв
´
якaть
4.
л
´
язгaть
5.
морг
´
aть
6.
оглaш
´
aться
(
д
´
eтскими голос
´
aми
,
глaз
´
aми
,
зуб
´
aми
,
ключ
´
aми
,
мон
´
eтaми
, ´
ярким пл
´
aмeнeм
)
6. Similes. Translate to find English equivalents where possible:
1.
Bсп
´
ыхивaть кaк к
o
ш
´
aчьи глaз
´
a
(of lights, car headlamps etc. that suddenly flare up like a cat’s
eyes in the pitch darkness).
2.
з
вeн
´
eть кaк колок
´
ольчик
(of someone’s melodious, bell-like voice or laughter).
3.
Кл
´
eйкий кaк р
´
ыбья чeшу
´
я
(of something unpleasant that sticks like fish-scales to your hands).
4.
Кол
´
ючий кaк
¨e
ж
(of very prickly plants, shrubs, or of an unshaven man).
5.
Cвeрк
´
aть кaк звeзд
´
a
(
о
f something very bright, or of a very talented person).
6.
Cк
´
ользкий кaк м
´
ыло
(of something very slippery, or of a devious scoundrel).
7.
Cол
¨e
ный кaк слeз
´
a
(of salty moisture or of someone’s bitter and tormenting thoughts).
7. Definitions. Match the words on the left to the definitions on the right:
1.
л
´
уч
a.
содeрж
´
aщий с
´
оль
2.
кл
´
eйкий
b.
с
´
ильно д
´
eйствующий нa вк
´
ус
3.
кол
´
ючий
c. ´
узкaя пол
o
с
´
a св
´
eтa
4. ´
острый
d.
с плох
´
им з
´
aпaхом
5.
отврaт
´
итeльный
e.
покр
´
ытый кл
´
eeм
6.
р
´
ыжий
f. ´
очeнь плох
´
ой
7.
синтeт
´
ичeский
g.
кр
´
aсно
-
ж
¨e
лтый
8.
сол
¨e
ный
h.
получ
´
aeмый в рeзульт
´
aтe с
´
интeзa
9.
т
´
ухлый
i.
им
´
eющий кол
´
ючки
Exercises
251
8. Synonyms/near-synonyms. Match up the synonymous pairs:
I Adjectives
1. ´
eдкий
a.
вон
´
ючий
4.
пик
´
aнтный
d.
т
¨e
мный
2.
злов
´
онный
b.
л
´
ипкий
5.
см
´
углый
e.
нeр
´
овный
3.
кл
´
eйкий
c. ´
острый
6.
шишков
´
aтый
f.
пр
´
яный
II Verbs
III Nouns
1.
звeн
´
eть
a.
тр
´
огaть
1.
злов
´
ониe
a.
в
´
ойлок
2.
кaс
´
aться
b.
миг
´
aть
2.
ф
´
eтр
b.
в
´
онь
3.
морг
´
aть
c.
звон
´
ить
9. Adjectives in -
в
- (-
вый
/-
вой
). Form adjectives from the following nouns and use the
adjectives to qualify other nouns:
Noun
Adjective
Qualified noun
Meaning
1.
бaмб
´
ук
бaмб
´
уковaя
тр
´
ость
bamboo cane
2.
в
´
оск
свeч
´
a
3.
пeрлaм
´
утр
п
´
уговицa
4.
пр
´
обкa
шл
´
eм
5.
фaрф
´
ор
в
´
aзa
6.
ф
´
eтр
шл
´
япa
10.
I Which of the following metals has an adjective in -
в
-?
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
1.
лaт
´
унь
2. ´
олово
3.
свин
´
eц
II and which of the following fabrics has an adjective in -
н
-?
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
1.
aтл
´
aс
2.
мусл
´
ин
3.
попл
´
ин
11. Verb conjugation. Replace past by present-tense forms:
1.
он глaз
´
eл нa прох
´
ожих
a
.
он глaз
´
eeт нa прох
´
ожих
2.
грохот
´
aли поeзд
´
a
b.
3.
гуд
´
eл гуд
´
ок
c.
4.
звeн
´
eл колок
´
ольчик
d.
5.
в лeс
´
у отдaв
´
aлось
´
эхо
e.
6.
шeлeст
´
eли л
´
истья
f.
7.
он
´
a щeкот
´
aлa eг
´
о п
´
ятки
g.
8.
щип
´
aло глaз
´
a
h.
252
Unit 7
12. Find words (sometimes modified) within words:
Verb/adjective
Meaning
Root word
Meaning
1.
глaз
´
eть
to gaze
гл
´
aз
eye
2.
оглaс
´
иться
3.
грохот
´
aть
4.
кл
´
eйкий
5.
лaкир
´
овaнный
6.
л
´
язгaть
7.
ослeп
´
ить
8.
шeлeст
´
eть
13. Loan words and cognates. Allocate loans to the French and German columns. Which
loan belongs to neither? What is its origin?
French
Meaning
German
Meaning
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
(
в
´
ойлок
,
в
´
оск
,
г
´
aз
,
гл
´
янeц
/
глянцeв
´
итый
,
лaт
´
унь
,
пeрлaм
´
утр
,
пик
´
aнтный
,
т
´
юль
,
фaн
´
eрa
,
ф
´
eтр
)
Neither French nor German:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Which of the French loans is also a place name?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Insert the correct preposition:
1.
он глaз
´
eл
. . . .
д
´
eвушeк
он
´
a зaглян
´
улa
. . .
окн
´
о
я пeрeглян
´
улся
. . .
сос
´
eдом
в
+ accusative,
нa
+ accusative,
с
+ instrumental.
15. Translate into Russian:
1. The glare of the sun was dazzling him, so he took his dark glasses out of his pocket.
2. War flared up on the border between two European countries.
3. Instead of gazing idly at the passers-by you should help me in the shop.
4. Learning that the train was ten minutes late, she exchanged glances with her husband.
5. The rays of the sun were glinting on the spires of the city churches.
6. The lightning flashed as we waited for the rumble of thunder.
7. She jingled the coins in her bag, intending to pay more.
8. If your teeth are chattering you should put on a warmer coat.
9. I would like the house to echo with children’s voices again.
10. A shot rang out and the echo reverberated in the forest.
11. We walked cautiously, so that the leaves shouldn’t rustle under our feet.
Exercises
253
12. The rancid fish emitted such a putrid smell that we decided to get rid of it.
13. The nearer we got to the bonfire the more the smoke made our eyes smart.
14. She touched me on the shoulder, wanting me to switch on another lamp.
15. It is difficult to find your way around in the dark without falling.
16. It snowed all night and the roads had become very slippery by morning.
17. Despite my warnings one of the lorries rumbled across the bridge.
18. If you cross when the lights are showing red you will have an accident.
19. Cork is such a rare and expensive substance that ‘corks’ are often made of plastic.
20. Glue on envelopes is often of such poor quality that people stick them down with sellotape.
Level 3
1. Which of the following verbs does
not
denote a sound?
Infinitive
Meaning
Third-person sing.
1.
жужж
´
aть
to buzz
жужж
´
ит
2.
журч
´
aть
3.
пищ
´
aть
4.
скрeжeт
´
aть
5.
смeрд
´
eть
6.
трeщ
´
aть
7.
хруст
´
eть
8.
шип
´
eть
2. Consonant mutation. Give the relevant present-tense forms of the following verbs:
Infinitive
Meaning
Present-tense form
1.
колот
´
ить
to thump
я колоч
´
у в дв
´
eрь
2.
плeск
´
aться
в
´
олны
. . . . . . . .
о б
´
eрeг
3.
скрeжeт
´
aть
он
. . . . . . . . . .
зуб
´
aми
4.
чeс
´
aться
у мeн
´
я спин
´
a
. . . . . . .
3. Similes. Translate or find English equivalents, where possible:
1.
ж
ужж
´
aть кaк пчeл
´
a
(of something monotonous, of a tediously level voice).
2.
ж
урч
´
ит кaк ручe
¨e
к
(of someone’s melodious speech).
3.
Кaк б
´
aрхaт
(of very soft, smooth, velvety skin, fur, grass).
4.
Колот
´
ить кaк пс
´
a
(to give someone a bad beating).
5.
П
¨e
стрaя кaк мaтр
¨e
шкa
(ironic, of a woman dressed in glaringly strident clothing).
6.
Пищ
´
aть кaк ком
´
aр
(disapprovingly, of someone’s thin, squeaky, barely audible speaking or
singing voice).
7.
Tрeщ
´
aть кaк пулeм
¨e
т
(disapproving or ironic, of a person’s, usually a woman’s, fast, incessant
and loud speech).
8.
Xруст
´
eть кaк с
´
оль
(of dry crunchy snow).
9.
ш
ип
´
eть кaк змe
´
я нa ког
´
о
-
нибудь
(of someone’s spiteful and threatening words, delivered
in a whisper).
254
Unit 7
4. Find other meanings of the following words in the dictionary:
Other meaning(s)
1.
брон
´
я
2.
бук
´
eт
3.
х
´
олст
5. Give an example of a homograph.
6. Gender of soft-sign nouns. Which is the odd one out?
I
Which is the feminine noun?
1.
г
´
aрь
2.
н
´
икeль
3.
крeм
´
eнь
II
Which is the masculine noun?
1.
уст
´
aлость
2.
эм
´
aль
3.
янт
´
aрь
7. Match the words on the left to the definitions on the right:
I Nouns
Definitions
1.
бeтономeш
´
aлкa
a.
чeлов
´
eк
,
стрaд
´
aющий дaльтон
´
измом
2.
брон
´
я
b.
спeциaл
´
ист по штукaт
´
урным рaб
´
отaм
3.
гaлд
¨e
ж
c.
мaш
´
инa для приготовл
´
eния бeт
´
онa
4.
г
´
aм
d.
мeтaлл
´
ичeский л
´
ом
5.
дaльт
´
оник
e.
пр
´
очнaя зaщ
´
итнaя облиц
´
овкa
6.
к
´
aмeнщик
f.
бeспор
´
ядочный г
´
ул голос
´
ов
,
кр
´
ики
7.
мeтaллол
´
ом
g.
многогол
´
осый кр
´
ик
,
ш
´
ум
8.
пeрeб
´
ор
h.
спeциaл
´
ист по к
´
aмeнной кл
´
aдкe
9.
штукaт
´
ур
i.
чeрeд
´
ующиeся зв
´
уки
(
стр
´
ун и т
.
д
.)
II Adjectives and verbs:
1.
aром
´
aтный
a.
нe прир
´
одный
2.
жужж
´
aть
b.
звон
´
ить в н
´
eсколько колокол
´
ов
3.
иск
´
усствeнный
c.
душ
´
истый
4.
оглуш
´
итeльный
d.
содeрж
´
aщий н
´
eсколько цвeт
´
ов
5.
п
¨e
стрый
e. ´
очeнь гр
´
омкий
6.
трeзв
´
онить
f.
производ
´
ить дрeбeзж
´
aщий зв
´
ук
Exercises
255
8. Insert appropriate prepositions and cases:
1.
бaрaб
´
aнить п
´
aльцaми п
´
о столу
3.
колот
´
ить кулaк
´
aми
[
стeн
´
a
]
2.
б
´
ухaть кулaк
´
ом
[
двeрь
]
4.
в
´
олны пл
´
eщутся
[
р
´
ифы
]
(
в
+ acc.,
о
+ acc.,
по
+ dat.)
9.
Кто
/
что
?
I Process
Meaning
Кто
/
что
?
Meaning
1.
жужж
´
ит
?
buzzes
пчeл
´
a
bee
2.
пищ
´
ит
?
3.
нe рaзлич
´
aeт
цвeт
´
ов
?
4.
ч
´
уeт д
´
ичь
?
5.
шип
´
ит
?
6.
штукaт
´
урит
?
(
дaльт
´
оник
,
змe
´
я
,
птeн
´
e
ц
,
пчeл
´
a
,
соб
´
aкa
,
штукaт
´
ур
)
II Process
Meaning
Кто
/
что
?
Meaning
1.
журч
´
ит
?
babbles
ручe
¨e
к
brook
2.
пл
´
eщeтся о б
´
eрeг
?
3.
смeрд
´
ит
?
4.
трeщ
´
ит
?
5.
ц
´
окa
e
т
?
(
в
´
олны
,
коп
´
ытa
,
л
¨e
д
,
ручe
¨e
к
,
т
´
ухлоe яйц
´
о
)
10. Insert the correct cases of the nouns in brackets:
1. ´
он бaрaб
´
aнил п
´
aльцaми п
´
о столу
3. ´
он зaбр
´
ызгaл ст
´
eну
[
кр
´
aск
a]
2.
он
´
a б
´
ухaлa
[
кулaк
´
и
]
в дв
´
eрь
4. ´
он ц
´
окнул
[
яз
´
ык
]
11. Onomatopeia. Match the sounds to the verbs:
1.
б
´
ух
bang!
a.
пищ
´
aть
2.
п
´
иск
b.
б
´
ухaть
3.
пл
´
eск
c.
скрeжeт
´
aть
4.
скр
´
eжeт
d.
плeск
´
aться
5.
тр
´
eск
e.
хруст
´
eть
6.
хр
´
уст
f.
трeщ
´
aть
256
Unit 7
12. Find words (sometimes modified) within words:
1.
aром
´
aтный
aром
´
aт
aroma
2.
бaрaб
´
aнить
3.
зaбр
´
ызгивaть
4.
к
´
aмeнщик
5.
мeтaллол
´
ом
6.
мeшков
´
инa
7.
оглуш
´
итeльный
8.
пaрус
´
инa
9.
пятн
´
истый
10.
трeзв
´
онить
11.
чeрв
´
ивый
12.
шeлков
´
истый
13. Cloths and metals. Place in the appropriate columns:
Cloths
Metals
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
(
б
´
aрхaт
,
брeз
´
eнт
,
брон
´
я
,
вeльв
´
eт
,
кaшeм
´
ир
,
мeтaллол
´
ом
,
мeшков
´
инa
,
н
´
икeль
,
овч
´
инa
,
пaрус
´
инa
,
пр
´
оволокa
,
рифл
¨e
ноe жeл
´
eзо
,
х
´
олст
,
чуг
´
ун
,
шл
´
aк
,
эм
´
aль
)
14. Denounal adjectives in -
в
- and -
н
-. Which is the odd one out?
I
Cloths
Cloth
Adjective
Qualified noun
Meaning
1.
б
´
aрхaт
б
´
aрхaтнaя
к
´
ожa
velvet(y) skin (fig.)
2.
брeз
´
eнт
город
´
ок
3.
вeльв
´
eт
тк
´
aнь
4.
кaшeм
´
ир
ш
´
aль
Exercises
257
II
Metals
Metal
Adjective
Qualified noun
Meaning
1.
крeм
´
eнь
крeмн
¨e
воe
ружь
¨e
flint-lock gun
2.
н
´
икeль
руд
´
a
3.
пр
´
оволокa
зaгрaжд
´
eниe
4.
эм
´
aль
бр
´
ошь
15. Word origins. Name four words that derive from personal or topographical names:
Word
Named after
Meaning
1.
бaт
´
ист
Baptiste
cambric
2.
colour-blind person
3.
gauze
4.
nickel
16. Which of the following is
not
of Germanic (German or Dutch) origin?
Noun
Origin
Noun
Origin
1.
б
´
aрхaт
German
4.
с
´
итeц
2.
брeз
´
eнт
5.
шл
´
aк
3.
брон
´
я
6.
янт
´
aрь
And which of the following is
not
of Turkic origin?
Noun
Origin
Noun
Origin
1.
бaрaб
´
aн
Turkic
4.
штукaт
´
ур
2.
кисe
´
я
5.
эм
´
aль
3.
чуг
´
ун
17. Translate into Russian:
1. The closer we approached to London, the brighter the lights of the city glimmered.
2. At dawn the stars were extinguished long before the sun began to rise.
3. I asked her to stop drumming with her fingers on the table.
4. We were thumping on the door with our fists, demanding to be let in.
5. The children raised such a racket in the playground that we did not hear the bell.
6. The prisoners in the zone raised such an uproar that the guards took fright.
7. He had hardly reached the door when a deafening shot rang out.
8. The king had barely mounted the rostrum when the national anthem blared forth.
9. Spring is in the air, the insects are buzzing and the streams are babbling.
10. He was told off for bespattering the floor with paint.
11. The silence was interrupted by a peal of bells from the village church.
258
Unit 7
12. The waves were splashing against the side of our boat, which had begun to sink.
13. As soon as the train driver braked the wheels began to grind against the rails.
14. Half an hour after we entered the hut wood was crackling in the stove.
15. The huntsmen squelched across the swamp in search of game.
16. We knew the children were nearby from the way the snow crunched under their feet.
17. Having read the document he clicked his tongue as a sign of displeasure.
18. At the sound of a snake hissing nearby he turned and fled.
19. A colour-blind person cannot distinguish colours, especially green and red.
20. In Gdansk there are whole streets of shops selling amber rings and necklaces.
21. Cashmere shawls enjoy great popularity among the tourists.
22. As soon as it stops raining the cement-mixers will start work at the building site.
23. The plane crashed as a result of metal fatigue.
24. Every passenger at the airport has to go through a metal detector.
18. Find an English equivalent for the following saying:
л
´
eс р
´
убят
–
щ
´
eпки лeт
´
ят
.
Unit 8
Shapes and patterns. Size and quantity.
Containers
Level 1
Shapes and patterns
Shapes and lines
гн
´
уть
/
со
-
to bend (trans.)
гн
´
уться
/
со
-
to bend (intrans.)
диaгон
´
aль
(f.), -
ный
diagonal
ди
´
aмeтр
diameter
д
´
иск
disk
квaдр
´
aт
, -
ный
square
к
´´
онтур
contour
кр
´
aй
(
нa крa
´
ю
) (pl.
крa
´
я
крa
¨e
в
)
edge, border
кр
´
eст
(gen.
крeст
´
a
)
cross
кр
´
уг
(
в круг
´
у
) (pl.
круг
´
и
)
circle
кр
´
углый
round, circular
лин
´
eйный
linear
л
´
иния
line
окр
´
ужность
(f.)
circumference
пaрaлл
´
eль
(f.), -
ный
parallel
р
´
aдиус
radius
сф
´
eрa
sphere
сфeр
´
ичeский
spherical
трeуг
´
ольник
triangle
цил
´
индр
cylinder
цилиндр
´
ичeский
cylindrical
Note:
(1) cf.
кр
´
aй
‘edge’ and
кр
´
aйний
‘extreme’.
Кр
´
aй
also means ‘bor-
der’, cf.
Ó
крa
´
инa
‘Ukraine’, which borders on many countries (Russia,
Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Belarus) (2)
квaдр
´
aт
is also used in mathematics:
дв
´
a в квaдр
´
aтe
–
чeт
´
ырe
‘the
square of two is four’.
259
260
Unit 8
Patterns
г
´
eрб
(gen.
гeрб
´
a
)
coat-of-arms
диз
´
aйн
design
знaч
´
ок
(gen.
знaчк
´
a
)
badge
р
´
яд
(
в ряд
´
у
‘in a row’) (
в р
´
ядe
‘in a number, series’) (pl.
ряд
´
ы
)
row
Word origins:
г
´
eрб
derives from German (cf. German
Erbe
‘inheri-
tance’) via Polish
herb
‘coat of arms’, possibly through Ukrainian and
Belorussian.
Size and quantity
General
высот
´
a
(
нa высот
´
e
)
height (at a height)
глубин
´
a
(
нa глубин
´
e
)
depth (at a depth)
длин
´
a
length
пл
´
ощaдь
(f) (gen. pl.
площaд
´
eй
)
area
пов
´
eрхностный
superficial
пов
´
eрхность
(f.)
surface
п
´
олностью
fully
прост
´
ор
space
прост
´
орный
spacious
рaст
´
и
(
рaст
´
у рaст
¨e
шь
; past
р
´
ос росл
´
a
)/
в
´
ы
-
to grow (intrans.)
т
´
олстый
thick, fat
толщин
´
a
thickness
ширин
´
a
width
Note:
(1) dimension nouns (
высот
´
a
,
ширин
´
a
etc.) frequently appear in
the instrumental:
гор
´
a высот
´
ой
(
в
) 2.000
м
´
eтров
, ´
он р
´
остом с бр
´
aтa
etc. (
в
+ acc. is optional,
с
+ acc. denotes approximation) (2)
в
´
eрх
‘top,
summit’ is embedded in
пов
´
eрхность
.
Weights and measures
в
´
eс
weight
в
´
eсить
(
в
´
eшу в
´
eсишь
)
to weigh (be a certain weight)
вeс
´
ы
(gen.
вeс
´
ов
)
scales
взв
´
eшивaть
/
взв
´
eсить
to weigh (trans.)
взв
´
eшивaться
/
взв
´
eситься
to weigh oneself
гр
´
aмм
gram
измeр
´
ять
/
изм
´
eрить
to measure
кил
´
о
/
килогр
´
aмм
kilo/kilogram
м
´
eтр
metre
т
´
оннa
ton, tonne
Shapes and patterns. Size and quantity. Containers
261
Note:
(1)
гр
´
aмм
and compounds of
гр
´
aмм
have alternative genitive
plurals:
гр
´
aммов
and the more colloquial
гр
´
aмм
(2) English ‘tonne’
denotes a metric ton of 1,000 kg.
Scale and proportion
пропорцион
´
aльный
proportional
проп
´
орция
proportion
Capacity, volume, and quantity
большинств
´
о
majority
дост
´
aточно
sufficient
кол
´
ичeство
amount, quantity
м
´
aксимум
maximum
мeньшинств
´
о
minority
м
´
инимум
minimum
многоч
´
ислeнный
multiple, numerous
нeдост
´
aточно
insufficient
нeмногоч
´
ислeнный
not numerous
собир
´
aть
/
собр
´
aть
(
собeр
´
у
собeр
¨e
шь
)
to assemble, gather, collect
Note:
(1)
кол
´
ичeство
is based on the archaic form
koliko
‘how much’
(now
ск
´
олько
) (2)
дост
´
aточно
and
нeдост
´
aточно
take the genitive:
дост
´
aточно
/
нeдост
´
aточно д
´
eнeг
(3)
большинств
´
о
usually takes a
singular predicate unless extended by the genitive plural of an animate
noun:
большинств
´
о род
´
итeлeй
пр
´
иняли уч
´
aстиe
.
Parts and segments
дeл
´
ить
/
по
- or
рaз
- (
нa
+ acc.)
to divide up (into)
кус
´
ок
(gen.
куск
´
a
)
piece, bit
проц
´
eнт
percentage
ч
´
aсть
(f.)
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