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Charles-Marie de la Condamine
In 1735 Charles-Marie de la Condamine 1) (sail) _______ to South America. At that time, scientists 2) (argue) _______ about the shape of the Earth. The French Academy 3) (want) _______ him to take measurements on the Equator, along with two other scientists. The work 4) (take) _______ them eight years and in the end, another scientific team 5) (find) _______ the answer they 6) (look for) _______. While de la Condamine 7) (travel) _______ home along the River Amazon, he 8) (learn) _______ many interesting things about the local people and their way of life. When he 9) (arrive) _______ in Paris in 1745, he 10) (receive) _______ a hero's welcome.
13. Past Perfect
Use
past action which occurred before another action or before a stated past time
He had left by the time I got there. (or by 8.15)
complete past action which had visible results in the past
She was sad because she had failed the test
the Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect
(He can't find his watch He has lost it) He couldn't find his watch. He had lost it
Time expressions: for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time etc.
13.1* Read the following Information about famous moments in history. Then underline the correct form. Only one verb in each paragraph is past perfect:
Columbus left Spain in August 1492 with three ships, to try and find a way to India by sailing west instead of east. When his ships 1) finally reached / had finally reached land on 12 October, he thought he was there, but the ships 2) actually arrived / had actually arrived in America instead.
Captain Robert Scott wanted to reach the South Pole first. He and his companions finally arrived there on 1 January 1912 after a terrible journey across the ice, but 3) found / had found a Norwegian flag. Unfortunately for Scott, Roald Amundsen 4) got / had got there on 14 December, 18 days earlier.
Leonardo painted his famous The Last Supper between 1495 and 1498, but the painting started to deteriorate within 50 years. The most common explanation for this used to be that Leonardo 5) used / had used the wrong kind of paint, but experts have always disagreed about this, and many believe that the damp in the wall is the cause of the damage. Between 1978 and 1999, experts 6) restored / had restored the painting, and the public can now see it again.
13.2* Complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the verb in brackets:
1. When I (try) tried to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) _______ down.
2. I (turn) _______ the computer off, but forgot that I (not save) _______ my work.
3. I only remembered I (not pay) _______ the bill when my Internet connection (stop) _______ working.
4. When I (receive) _______ the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send) _______ it.
5. When I (check) _______ the instructions, I understood what I (do) _______.
6. I knew I (receive) _______ a virus when I (run) _______ the anti-virus program.
7. As soon as I (download) _______ the document, I knew I (make) _______ a mistake.
8. I could see what (go) _______ wrong as soon as I (look) _______ inside the printer.
9. I knew I (press) _______ the wrong key when nothing (happen) _______.
10. When the screen (go) _______ blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen) _______.
13.3* Read these sentences about Julius Caesar. Then complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect form of the verb in brackets:
Julius Caesar 1) (come) came from an aristocratic Roman family, though his family was not rich by Roman standards. When he was 15 his father 2) (die) _______, and to avoid political problems in Rome, Caesar 3) (serve) _______ as a soldier in the east. By the time he 4) (return) _______ to Rome, he 5) (win) _______ awards for bravery. He 6) (become) _______ a member of the Senate, and governor of what is now Spain. By the age of 40 he 7) (rise) _______ to the top of the political world, and 8) (form) _______ a political alliance with a powerful general, Pompey, and a rich man, Crassus. Between 58 BC and 49 BC he 9) (fight) _______ a war against the people of what are now France, Belgium, Switzerland and parts of Germany. By the end of this war, according to the historian Plutarch, three million men 10) (die) _______. In 50 BC the Senate 11) (order) _______ Caesar to return to Rome. By that time, Crassus was dead and Pompey 12) (become) _______ Caesar's enemy. In the civil war that followed, Caesar 13) (defeat) _______ all his enemies. By the time a group of Roman senators 14) (murder) _______ him in 44 BC, he 15) (be) _______ the most powerful man in Rome for only a year.
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