United states department of interior bureau of ocean energy management

5.0 -CONCLUSIONS

The CPRA understands that although the proposed shoreline restoration, beach nourishment, feeder beach; and marsh creation resulting from implementation of the East Timbalier Island and West Belle Headland Restoration Project will provide overall benefits to the red knot, the piping plover and its critical habitat, the temporary impacts to the red knot, the piping plover and its critical habitat is likely to adversely affect the species. The Project team recognizes that Kemp’s Ridley, Green, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles are vulnerable to injury and death from the use of hopper dredging and it is recommended that all of the reasonable and prudent measures be employed consistent with the NMFS 2005 BO and the subsequent re-consultation. We request that you review this assessment and if you concur with the CPRA’s determination of effects, that the USFWS and NMFS provide us with your biological opinion regarding this Project.

6.0 - LITERATURE CITED

AKN 2013. Avian Knowledge Network maintained by Cornell University. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/is/research/itr.html. This includes the underlying data (>23,000 records) for the maps that you can view on eBird®.

Altinok, I., S.M. Galli, and F.A. Chapman. 1998. Ionic and osmotic regulation capabilities of juvenile Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 120(A):609-616.

Baker, A., P. Gonzalez, R. I. G. Morrison, and B. A. Harrington. 2013. Red Knot (Calidris canutus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca. Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online:

https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/redkno

Bent, A.C. 1929. Life histories of North American Shorebirds. U.S. Natural Museum Bulletin 146:236-246.

Barkuloo, J.M. 1988. Report on the conservation status of the Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, (Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Panama City, FL. 33 p.

Caldwell, D.K., A. Carr, T.R. Heller, Jr., 1955. “Natural history notes on the Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta).” Quarterly Journal of Florida. Academy of Science. 18(4): 292-302.

Carr, A.F, 1952. Handbook of Turtles - The Turtles of the United States, Canada, Baja California. Comstock Publication and Associates, New York.

Carr, A. and H. Hirth., 1962. “The Ecology and Migrations of Sea Turtles, Five Comparative Features of Isolated Green Turtle Colonies.” Am. Mus. Nov. 2091: 1-42.

Carr, S.H., F. Tatman, F.A. Chapman. 1996. Observations on the natural history of the Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, Vladykov 1955) in the Suwannee River, southeastern United States. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 5:169-174.

Coastal Planning and Engineering (CPE) 2013. West Belle Pass Barrier Headland Restoration Project (TE-52) Project Completion Report, 21 pp and 18 appendices. (Report prepared for the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority).

Coastal Planning and Engineering (CPE) 2009. West Belle Pass Barrier Headland Restoration Project (TE-52) -30% Design Report. Boca Raton, Florida: Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. 147p. (Report prepared for the Louisiana Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration).

Coastwise Consulting, Inc. 2014. The use of Relocation Trawling to Reduce the Impacts of Hopper Dredging on Sea Turtles at the Caminada Headland Beach and Dune Restoration Project – Increment I (BA-45). Coastwise Consulting Inc., Athens, Georgia, 10 pp + appendices.

Cohen, J. B., J. D. Fraser, and D. H. Catlin. 2006. Survival and site fidelity of piping plovers on Long Island, New York. Journal of Field Ornithology 77:409-417.

Collins, M. R., S.G. Rogers, T. I. J. Smith and M. Moser. 2000. Primary factors affecting sturgeon populations in the southeastern United States: Fishing mortality and degradation of essential habitat. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3):917–928.

Coutu, S.D., J.D. Fraser, J.L. McConnaughy, and J.P. Loegering. 1990. Piping plover distribution and reproductive success on Cape Hatteras National Seashore. Unpublished report to the National Park Service.

Cross, R.R. 1990. Monitoring, management and research of the piping plover at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished report. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Virginia.

Dobie, J.L., L.H. Ogren, J.F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., 1961. Food notes and records of the Atlantic ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempi). Copeia 1961, No. 1:109-110.

Drake, K.R. 1999a. Movements, habitat use, and survival of wintering piping plovers. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX. 82 pp.

Drake, K. L. 1999b. Time allocation and roosting habitat in sympatrically wintering piping and snowy plovers. M. S. Thesis. Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX. 59 pp.

Drake, K.R., J.E. Thompson, K.L. Drake, and C. Zonick. 2001. Movements, habitat use, and survival of non-breeding Piping Plovers. Condor 103(2):259-267. eBird. 2013. http://ebird.org/content/ebird/.

Dundee, H.A., and D.A. Rossman, 1989. Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Earth Coast Observers, Inc., 2016. Sea Turtle Relocation Trawling Final Report for the Caminada Headland Beach and Dune Restoration – Increment II Project (BA-143). East Coast Observers Inc., 6 pp + appendices.

Ernst, C. H. and R. W. Barbour, 1972. Turtles of the United States. University Press of Kentucky. Lexington.

Fertl, D., A.J. Schiro, G.T. Regan, C.A. Beck, N. Adimey, L. Price-may, A. Amos, G.A.J. Worthy, and R. Crossland. 2005. Manatee occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico, West of Florida. Gulf and Caribbean Research 17:69-94.

FWC FWRI. 2016a. Population monitoring (for the period 1991 through 2016). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL. Available from

http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/research/population-monitoring/synoptic-surveys/

FWC FWRI. 2016b. Unpublished data, Manatee mortality statistics. http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/

Foster, A.M. and J.P. Clugston. 1997: Seasonal migration of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 126, 302–308.

Fox, D.A., J.E. Hightower, and F.M. Parauka. 2000. Gulf sturgeon spawning migration and habitat in the Choctawhatchee River system, Alabama-Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129: 811-826.

Frazier, J.G., 1980. “Marine Turtles and Problems in Coastal Management.” In: Edge, B.L., (ed.) Coastal Zone '80 Volume III. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, 2395-2411. J.G. Frazier, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Fritts, T.H., in. Hoffman, and M.A. McGehee., 1983. “The Distribution and Abundance of Marine Turtles in the Gulf of Mexico and Nearby Atlantic Waters.” Journal of Herpetology 17(4): 327-344.

Fuller, D.A., A.M. Tappan and M.C. Hester. 1987. Sea turtles in Louisiana’s coastal waters. Prepared for Coastal Fisheries Institute and Louisiana Sea Grant College Program. Contribution No. LSU-CFI-87-18. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. 48p.

Gibbs, J.P. 1986. Feeding ecology of nesting piping plovers in Maine. Unpublished report to Maine Chapter, The Nature Conservancy, Topsham, Maine.

Goldin, M.R. 1993. Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) management, reproductive ecology, and chick behavior at Goosewing and Briggs Beaches, Little Compton, Rhode Island, 1993. The Nature Conservancy, Providence, Rhode Island.

Goldin, M.R., C. Griffin, and S. Melvin. 1990. Reproductive and foraging ecology, human disturbance, and management of piping plovers at Breezy Point, Gateway National Recreational Area, New York, 1989. Progress report for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Massachusetts.

Gratto-Trevor, C., D. Amirault-Langlais, D. Catlin, F. Cuthbert, J. Fraser, S. Maddock, E. Roche, F. Shaffer. 2012. Connectivity in piping plovers: do breeding populations have distinct winter distributions? The Journal of Wildlife Management 76(2):348-355.

Gunter, G., 1981. Status of Turtles on Mississippi Coast. Gulf Research Report 7(1):89-92.

Haig, S.M. 1992. Piping Plover in The Birds of North America, No. 2 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, & F. Gill, eds). Philadelphia: The academy of Natural Sciences; Washington DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union. 17 pp.

Hake, M. 1993. 1993 summary of piping plover management program at Gateway NRA Breezy Point district. Unpublished report. Gateway National Recreational Area, Long Island, New York.

Hendren, Ryan. 2014. Caminada Headland Beach and Dune Restoration Project 7(a)(2) and 7(d) Consultation.

Hendrickson, J.R., 1980. The Ecological Strategies of Sea Turtles. American Zoologist. 20:597-608.

Hildebrand, H.H., 1981. “A Historical Review of the Status of Sea Turtle Populations in the Western Gulf of Mexico,” pp. 447-453, in K.A. Bjorndal, ed. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Revised 1995 Edition. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington.

Hoopes, E.M. 1993. Relationships between human recreation and piping plover foraging ecology and chick survival. M.S. Thesis. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.

Huff, J.A. 1975. Life history of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi, in Suwannee River, Florida. Florida Marine Research Publication 16, St. Petersburg. 33 pp.

John Chance Land Surveys, Inc. (JCLS). 2015. Final Survey Report – TE118 East Timbalier Island Restoration Project. Prepared for MWH Global Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 475 pp.

King, F.W., 1981. “Historical Review of the Decline of the Green Turtle and the Hawksbill.” In K.A. Bjorndal (Editor), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles: Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C., p 183 – 188.

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF). 2004. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/fact_sheet_animal/32228-Chelonia%20mydas/chelonia_mydas.pdf

Landry, A., 1986. “Stranding and Natural History of Sea Turtles in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.” Presented at Seventh Annual Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, Information Transfer Meeting. Session IV. D. Sea turtle problems in the Gulf of Mexico, 5 November, 1986.

Lefebvre, L.W., M. Marmontel, J.P. Reid, G.B. Rathbun, and D.P. Domning. 2001. Status and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. Pages 425-474 in C.A. Woods and F.E. Sergile (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 582 pp.

Loegering, J.P. 1992. Piping plover breeding biology, foraging ecology and behavior on Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland. M.S. Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Lott, C.A., C.S. Ewell Jr., and K.L. Volanky. 2009. Habitat associations of shoreline-dependent birds in barrier island ecosystems during fall migration in Lee County, Florida. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Technical Report. 103 pp.

MacIvor, L.H. 1990. Population dynamics, breeding ecology, and management of piping plovers on outer Cape Cod, Massachusetts. M.S. Thesis. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.

Maddock, S., M. Bimbi, and W. Golder. 2009. South Carolina shorebird project, draft 2006 – 2008 piping plover summary report. Audubon North Carolina and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charleston, South Carolina. 135 pp.

Marine Mammal Commission. 1986. Habitat protection needs for the subpopulation of West Indian manatees in the Crystal River area of northwest Florida. Document No. PB86-200250, National Technical Information Service. Silver Spring, Maryland. 46 pp.

Marsh H., T.J. O’Shea, and J.E. Reynolds III. 2011. Ecology and conservation of the Sirenia: dugongs and manatees. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 521 pp.

Mason, W.T. Jr. and J.P. Clugston. 1993. Foods of the Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 378-385.

McConnaughey, J.L., J.D. Fraser, S.D. Coutu, and J.P. Loegering. 1990. Piping plover distribution and reproductive success on Cape Lookout National Seashore. Unpublished report to National Park Service.

Morrow, J.V., Jr., K.J. Killgore, J.P. Kirk, and H.E. Rogillio. 1996. Distribution and population attributes of Gulf sturgeon in the lower Pearl River system, Louisiana. Proceedings of Annual Conference of the SEAFWA, 79-90.

Murphy, M.J. and J. Skaines. 1994. Habitat and movement of the Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi) in the Pascagoula River, Mississippi. Museum Technical Report No. 29. Mississippi Museium of Natural Science. Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks. Jackson, MS. 20 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2005. Hopper and Hydraulic Cutterhead Dredging Associated with Sand Mining for Coastal Restoration Projects Along the Coast of Louisiana Using Sand from Ship Shoal in the Gulf of Mexico Central Planning Area, South Pelto Blocks 12, 13, and 19, and Ship Shoal Block 88. Consultation Number SER-2003-1247 dated September 19, 2005.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 2016. Office of Projected Resources – Species Information. Accessed January 2016 from NOAA website:

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/ & http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/section_7/threatened_endangered/Documents/louisiana.pdf

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Recovery plan for the hawksbill turtle in the Caribbean, Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. National Marine Fisheries Service; St. Petersburg, Florida.

Nelson, D.A., 1986. Life History and Environmental Requirements of Loggerhead Turtles. Technical Report EL-86-2, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Nicholls, J.L. 1989. Distribution and other ecological aspects of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) wintering along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. M.S. Thesis. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Nicholls, J.L. and G.A. Baldassarre. 1990. Habitat associations of piping plover wintering in the United States. The Wilson Bulletin 102(4):581-590.

NOAA Fisheries. 2017a. Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/hawksbill.html

NOAA Fisheries. 2017b. Kemp’s Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii). NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/kempsridley.html

NOAA Fisheries. 2017c. Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/leatherback.html

NOAA Fisheries. 2017d. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas). NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/green.html

NOAA Fisheries. 2017e. Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta). NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Accessed April 14, 2017.

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.html

Ocean Surveys, Inc. (OSI), 2016. Interim Report 4, Geophyisical/Cultural Resources Surveys Marsh Sediment Borrow Area, Sediment Rehandling/Pump-Out Area and Pipeline Corridor to Support TE-118 East Timbalier Island Restoration, Gulf of Mexico, LA, 24 pp and appendices.

Pabody, C.M., R.H. Carmichael, L. Rice, and M. Ross. 2009. A new sighting network adds to 20 years of historical data on fringe West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) populations in Alabama Waters. Gulf of Mexico Science 2009(1):52-61.

Perrine, 2003. Sea Turtles of the World. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, c2003.

Pritchard, P.C.H., 1971. The Leatherback or Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). International Union for Conservation of Nature, Monog. No. 1.

Purrington, D. 2012. The Birds of Southeast Louisiana, online at: http://www.tulane.edu/~danny/sela-newest_b-1.pdf

Rabalais, S.C. and N.H. Rabalais, 1980. “The Occurrence of Sea Turtles on the South Texas Coast.” Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 23:123-129.

REMSA MESO. 2016. Marine Endangered Species Observing Program Final Report for the Caminada Headland Beach and Dune Restoration – Increment II Project (BA-143). REMSA MESO, Hampton, Virginia, 6 pp + appendices.

REMSA MESO. 2014. Marine Endangered Species Observing Program Final Report for the Caminada Headland Beach and Dune Restoration – Increment I (BA-45). MESO, Hampton, Virginia, 7 pp + appendices.

Runge, M.C., C.A. Langtimm, J. Martin, and C.J. Fonnesbeck. 2015. Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 2012. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1083. 23 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151083.

Russell, R.P. 2014. Red knot status in the U.S. portion of the Mississippi Flyway. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, MN. February 2014. 6 pp.

Schwarzer, A. C. 2011. Demographic rates and energetics of Red Knots wintering in Florida. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Self-Sullivan, C. and A.A. Mignucci-Giannoni. 2012. West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the wider Caribbean region. Pages 36 - 46 in E.M. Hines, J.E. Reynolds III, L.V. Aragones, A.A. Mignucci-Giannoni and M. Marmontel, (eds.). Sirenian conservation: issues and strategies in developing countries. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 326 pp.

Smith, B.S. 2007. 2006-2007 Nonbreeding shorebird survey, Franklin and Wakulla Counties, Florida. Final report to the Service in fulfillment of Grant #40181-7-J008. Apalachicola Riverkeeper, Apalachicola, Florida. 32 pp.

Smith, T.I.J. 1985. The fishery biology, and management of Atlantic sturgeon, (Acipenser oxrhynchus), in North America. Env. Biol. Fish. 14:61-72.

Smith, T.I.J. 1990. Culture of North American sturgeons for fishery enhancement. National Marine Fisheries Service Tech. Rep. 85:19-27.

Smith, T.I.J. and J.P. Clungston. 1997. Status and management of Atlantic sturgeon, (Acipenser oxyrhinchus), in North America. Environmental Biology of Fishes 48: 355–346.

Spotila, James R., 2004. Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press and Oakwood Arts.

Staine, K.J., and J. Burger. 1994. Nocturnal foraging behavior of breeding piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in New Jersey. Auk 111:579-587.

Stantec, Inc. and Coastal Engineering Consultants, Inc. (CEC), 2017. East Timbalier Island Restoration Project (TE-118) Preliminary Design Report. (Report prepared for the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA).

Sulak, K.J. and J.P. Clugston. 1998. Early life history stages of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida. V127: 758-771.

Sulak, K.J. and J.P. Clugston. 1999. Recent advances in life history of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus dosotoi, in the Suwannee River Florida, USA: A synopsis. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 15: 116-128.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2010. Regional management plan for the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) compiled by E. Quintana-Rizzo and J.E. Reynolds III. CEP Technical Report No. 48. UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica. 170 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2010. August 9, 2010, Biological Assessment of the Louisiana Coastal Area – Terrebonne Basin Barrier Shoreline Restoration project. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District. 47 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2008. August 1, 2008, Coastal Engineering Manual: Coastal Project Planning and Design. Engineering Manual 1110-2-1100 (Change 2) Part V. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Hydraulics Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS. 113 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1980. Information Report: Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi (Vladykov). Jacksonville, Florida. 79 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1988. Recovery plan for piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) of the Great Lakes and Northern Great Plains. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, South Dakota, and Twin Cities, Minnesota.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1996. Piping plover (Charadrius melodus), Atlantic Coast population, revised recovery plan. Hadley, Massachusetts.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001a. Florida Manatee Recovery Plan, (Trichechus manatus latirostris), Third Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, Georgia. 144 pp. + appendices.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001b. Final determination of critical habitat for wintering piping plovers. Federal Register 66:36037-36086.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2003. Recovery plan for the Great Lakes piping plover (Charadrius melodus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2007. West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) 5-year review: summary and evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, Georgia. 86 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Species Assessment and Listing Priority Assignment Form for the Calidris canutus spp. rufa. http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=B0DM. 49 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2014. Supplemental Biological Assessment for the Louisiana Island Restoration: Caillou Lake Headlands, Chenier-Ronquille and Shell Island. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lafayette, Louisiana. 38 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2016a. Listed species believed to or known to occur in Louisiana. Updated May 4, 2016. Accessed January 2017. https://www.fws.gov/lafayette/pdf/LA_T&E_Species_List.pdf

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2016b. Habitat Description of Threatened Endangered and Candidate Species of Louisiana. May 4, 2016. Accessed January 2017. https://www.fws.gov/lafayette/pdf/T&E_Habitat_Descriptions.pdf

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2017. Estimated abundance of Atlantic Coast piping plovers 1986 – 2014 and preliminary 2015 estimates, online at: https://www.fws.gov/northeast/pipingplover/

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (USFWS and GSMFC). 1995. Gulf Sturgeon Recovery Plan. Atlanta, Georgia. 170 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Commission (USFWS and NMFS). 2009. Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region, Panama City, Florida and National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Region Office of Protected Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida. Accessed November 1, 2011. 49 pp.

Van den Avyle, M.J. 1984. Species profile: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Atlantic)—Atlantic sturgeon. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-82/11.25.U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 17 pp.

Viosa, P., 1961. “Turtles, Tame and Truculent.” Louisiana Conservationist. 13:5-8.

Zonick, C.1997.The use of Texas barrier island washover pass habitat by piping plovers and other coastal waterbirds. National Audubon Society. A Report to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 19 pp.

Zonick, C. and M. Ryan. 1996. The ecology and conservation of piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) wintering along the Texas Gulf Coast. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. 1995 Annual report. 49 pp.

Zwinenberg, A.J, 1977. “Kemp's Ridley, Undoubtedly the Most Endangered Marine Turtle Today (with notes on the current status of Lepidochelys olivacea).” Bull. Maryland Herpetological Society. 13:170-192.

TE-118 East Timbalier Barrier Island Restoration Project