Unintended consequences



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Unintended consequences
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This article is about the sociological concept. For the novel, see Unintended Consequences (novel).
"Law of unintended consequences" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy about law of unintended consequences, see Wikipedia:Conflict of interest § Law of unintended consequences.

An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals
In the social sciencesunintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen. The term was popularised in the twentieth century by American sociologist Robert K. Merton and expanded by economist Thomas Sowell and psychologist Stuart Vyse.[1]
Unintended consequences can be grouped into three types:

  • Unexpected benefit: A positive unexpected benefit (also referred to as luckserendipity or a windfall).

  • Unexpected drawback: An unexpected detriment occurring in addition to the desired effect of the policy (e.g., while irrigation schemes provide people with water for agriculture, they can increase waterborne diseases that have devastating health effects, such as schistosomiasis).

  • Perverse result: A perverse effect contrary to what was originally intended (when an intended solution makes a problem worse).


History[edit]
John Locke[edit]
The idea of unintended consequences dates back at least to John Locke who discussed the unintended consequences of interest rate regulation in his letter to Sir John Somers, Member of Parliament.[2]
Adam Smith[edit]
The idea was also discussed by Adam Smith, the Scottish Enlightenment, and consequentialism (judging by results).[3]

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