Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

E VA LU AT E
1. 
conditioning describes learning that occurs as 
a result of reinforcement.
2. Match the type of operant learning with its defi nition:
1. An unpleasant stimulus a. positive reinforcement
is presented to decrease b. negative reinforcement
behavior.
c. positive punishment
2. An unpleasant stimulus d. negative punishment
is removed to increase
behavior. 
3. A pleasant stimulus 
is presented to increase
behavior. 
4. A pleasant stimulus 
is removed to decrease
behavior. 
3. Sandy had had a rough day, and his son’s noisemaking 
was not helping him relax. Not wanting to resort to scold-
ing, Sandy told his son in a serious manner that he was 
very tired and would like the boy to play quietly for an 
hour. This approach worked. For Sandy, the change in his 
son’s behavior was
a. positively reinforcing.
b. negatively reinforcing.
4. In a 
reinforcement schedule, behavior is re-
inforced some of the time, whereas in a 
reinforcement schedule, behavior is reinforced all the time.
5. Match the type of reinforcement schedule with its defi nition.
1. Reinforcement occurs
a. fi xed-ratio
after a set time period.
b.
variable-interval 
2. Reinforcement occurs
c. fi xed-interval 
after a set number
d. variable-ratio
of responses.
3. Reinforcement occurs
after a varying time period.
4. Reinforcement occurs 
after a varying number 
of responses.
196 Chapter 
6 
Learning
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