Understanding Power Splitters How they work, what parameters are critical, and how to select the best value for your application



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AN10-006

Get tight specs at lower cost 
Generally, engineering designs exist in a world of tradeoffs. Mixers, for example, can be 
designed so that isolation can be improved at the expense of conversion loss; similarly, an 
amplifier's noise figure can be improved if a reduction in dynamic range can be accepted in 
exchange. 
Not so, fortunately with power splitters. The key parameters are influenced in the same direction 
during the design stage. A well-designed power splitter/combiner will offer high isolation, low 
insertion loss and good VSWR. You just don't encounter a power splitter/combiner with high 
isolation and poor VSWR, nor high isolation with a poor insertion loss spec. Why? Because 
poor insertion loss specs generally result from an improper matching transformer (winding not 
exactly symmetrical) or slight variations in stray capacitances at each end of the transformer; 
these effects, however, adversely affect insertion loss as well as isolation. 
This raises a significant point. There is no need to specify a number of tight spec parameters 
when you need a power splitter/combiner for a particularly stringent requirement. Simply specify 
a tight improved spec on the key parameter most critical to the task and you'll find the remaining 
specs will also be upgraded. If you insist on writing tight specs on a number of parameters, you 
may be paying extra money for a device you would have received anyway. Of course, you can 
specify one tight parameter, as suggested, and request support data on the other parameters to 
monitor their characteristics.
In some applications, it is possible for several parameters to be important. In other applications, 
only one parameter may be considerably significant while others are not. For example, in a 
power combiner used to add the outputs of two amplifiers, insertion loss is a critical factor while 
isolation may not be deemed essential. On the other hand, consider a test setup for two-tone, 
third-order IM measurement. Here it is common to operate two RF generators that are close to 
each other in frequency, resulting in one generator "talking to the other" or "pulling". To avoid 
this measurement pitfall, a power combiner is placed between both RF generators; here the 
isolation spec is very significant while other parameters, such as phase or amplitude unbalance, 
have no importance at all. You can lower your demands, and your cost, by analyzing what 
parameters must be met while understanding others that can be ignored. 
AN-10-006 Rev.: A M150261 (04/14/15) File:
AN10006.doc 
This document and its contents are the property of Mini-Circuits. 
Sheet 7 of 8


AN-10-006 Rev.: A M150261 (04/14/15) File:
AN10006.doc 
This document and its contents are the property of Mini-Circuits. 
Sheet 8 of 8
IMPORTANT NOTICE 
© 2015 Mini-Circuits 
This document is provided as an accommodation to Mini-Circuits customers in connection with Mini-Circuits parts only. In that regard, this document is for 
informational and guideline purposes only. Mini-Circuits assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document or for any information contained 
herein.
Mini-Circuits may change this document or the Mini-Circuits parts referenced herein (collectively, the “Materials”) from time to time, without notice. Mini-Circuits 
makes no commitment to update or correct any of the Materials, and Mini-Circuits shall have no responsibility whatsoever on account of any updates or 
corrections to the Materials or Mini-Circuits’ failure to do so. 
Mini-Circuits customers are solely responsible for the products, systems, and applications in which Mini-Circuits parts are incorporated or used. In that regard, 
customers are responsible for consulting with their own engineers and other appropriate professionals who are familiar with the specific products and systems 
into which Mini-Circuits’ parts are to be incorporated or used so that the proper selection, installation/integration, use and safeguards are made. Accordingly, 
Mini-Circuits assumes no liability therefor.
In addition, your use of this document and the information contained herein is subject to Mini-Circuits’ standard terms of use, which are available at Mini-Circuits’ 
website at 
www.minicircuits.com/homepage/terms_of_use.html
.
Mini-Circuits and the Mini-Circuits logo are registered trademarks of Scientific Components Corporation d/b/a Mini-Circuits. All other third-party trademarks are 
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  • Understanding Power Splitters

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