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7.3. A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
Learning-centered methods represent, at least in theory, a radical departure
from language- and learner-centered pedagogies. The idea of teaching an L2
through meaning-based activities using materials that are not preselected
and presequenced had been suggested before. However, it was learning-
centered pedagogists who, through well-articulated concepts of learning and
teaching supported, at least partially, by research in L2 development, tried to
seriously and systematically formulate theoretical principles and classroom
procedures needed to translate an abstract idea into a workable proposi-
tion. Their prime contribution lies in attempting fundamental method-
ological changes rather than superficial curricular modifications, in shap-
ing a pedagogic dialogue that directed our attention to the process of
learning rather than the product of teaching, and in raising new questions
that effectively challenged traditional ways of constructing an L2 pedagogy.
This is a remarkable achievement, indeed.
Learning-centered pedagogists’ rejection of linearity and systematicity
geared to mastering a unitary target language system, and the accep-
tance of a cyclical, holistic process consisting of several transitional systems
makes eminent sense in terms of intuitive appeal. However, the maximiza-
tion of incidental learning and teacher input, and the marginalization of
intentional learning and learner output render learning-centered methods
empirically unfounded and pedagogically unsound. Because of its preoccu-
pation with reasonably challenging comprehensible input, the learning-
centered pedagogy pays scant attention, if at all, to several intake factors
that have been found to play a crucial role in L2 development (see chap. 2,
this volume).
Furthermore, all available classroom interactional analyses (see, e.g., a re-
view of the literature presented in Gass, 1997) show that the instructional in-
tervention and the control of language exercised by learning-centered teach-
ers are at variance with the conceptual considerations that sought to provide
“natural” linguistic input that is different from “contrived” linguistic input as-
sociated with earlier pedagogies. The input modifications advocated by
learning-centered pedagogies create only limited interactional opportunities
in the classroom because they largely promote interaction as a textual activ-
ity, neglecting interaction as interpersonal and ideational activities.
In the final analysis, learning-centered pedagogists have left many cru-
cial questions unanswered. They include:
·
How to determine the cognitive difficulty and the communicative diffi-
culty of a task, and, more importantly, the difference between the two;
·
how to formulate reasonably acceptable criteria for developing, grad-
ing, sequencing, and evaluating tasks;
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CHAPTER 7
·
how to design relevant summative and formative evaluation measures
that could reflect the learning-centered pedagogy, not only in terms of
the content of teaching but also in terms of the process of learning;
·
how to determine the kind of demand the new pedagogy makes on
teachers in order to design appropriate teacher education measures.
Until some of these problems are satisfactorily addressed, any learning-
centered method will remain “largely a matter of coping with the unknown
. . .” (Prabhu, 1985, p. 173).
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